<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?><oembed><version><![CDATA[1.0]]></version><provider_name><![CDATA[A ILHA DOS AMORES - I]]></provider_name><provider_url><![CDATA[https://ailhadosamores.wordpress.com]]></provider_url><author_name><![CDATA[Madrepérola]]></author_name><author_url><![CDATA[https://ailhadosamores.wordpress.com/author/abiegno/]]></author_url><title><![CDATA[Origens Calvinistas e Presbiterianas na&nbsp;Maçonaria]]></title><type><![CDATA[link]]></type><html><![CDATA[<p>Resolvi fazer aqui uma visita à Ilha antiga.</p>
<p>Nos dias que correm, milhares de anglo-saxões clamam gritam e insultam o &#8220;Vaticano&#8221;, &#8220;os Jesuítas&#8221;, a Igreja católica, como sendo os satânicos de planos diabólicos de posse do mundo, causa de todos os males que ocoreem, os illuminati, os próprios maçons.O meu objectivo aqui não é defender nem uns nem outros, mas estudar um pouco sobre a maçonaria, esclarecer-me.<strong><br />
A origem da maçonaria moderna, não é somente <strong>anglo-saxónica. É </strong>protestante:  judaico-protestante. Porquê que foi fundada na Escócia? Devido às suas origens presbiterianas, as quais aliás se manifestam na sua constituição.<br />
</strong>As citações em inglês que se seguem são dos artigos cujas ligações inseri. O texto é bi-lingue.</p>
<p>A Maçonaria foi iniciada na Itália, na cidade de Florença, com uma <strong>Loja Inglesa</strong>,<strong> fundada por um inglês, em</strong> <strong>1737. </strong><br />
A primeira Obediência portuguesa foi o Grande Oriente Lusitano, reconhecido pela Grande Loja de Inglaterra em 12 de Maio de <strong>1802.</strong> O seu primeiro grão-mestre foi um neto do Marquês de Pombal. Que enterrou os projectos de P. António Vieira para o Reino de Cristo na Terra no caixote do lixo, e abraçou <strong>os planos anglo-saxónicos</strong>. Os protestantes já então tinham dois séculos de serem amamentados com o ódio aos católicos, jesuítas, ordens religiosas, desde o berço. Saíu-lhes o equivalente à sorte grande, ao terem um membro como o Marquês de Pombal&#8230; E &#8230; quase que  pareceu &#8230; (Deus) estar do lado deles, em 1755 ?<br />
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<p><a href="http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/bibliography.html#[AM]"><img class="alignright" style="border:0 initial initial;" src="https://i1.wp.com/freemasonry.bcy.ca/biography/images/anderson_j.jpg" alt="[James Anderson]" width="200" height="277" align="TOP" border="0" /></a></p>
<p><strong>I<br />
</strong><i>&#8220;As </i><b>Constituições de Anderson</b> &#8211; <strong>redigidas em 1723</strong>,<i> veneradas e respeitadas por toda a Maçonaria &#8211; viriam esclarecer que o templo de pedra deixava de ser a tarefa do maçon: <strong>o edifício a ser levantado em honra e glória ao </strong></i><b>Grande Arquitecto do Universo</b><i> <strong>passaria a ser a catedral do Universo, ou seja, a Humanidade</strong>&#8220;. ~   </i><a href="http://www.geocities.ws/atoleiros/maconaria.htm">História da Maçonaria em Portugal<br />
(</a>uma ideia bonita aliás, com que concordo)<br />
<a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libraryscience/25/">&#8220;The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1734). An Online Electronic Edit&#8221; by James Anderson A.M., Benjamin Franklin et al.</a>.</p>
<p><strong>II<br />
<a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Anderson%22%20author_fname%3A%22James%22&amp;start=0&amp;context=52045"><br />
James Anderson A.M., </a>     <a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Anderson%22%20author_fname%3A%22James%22&amp;start=0&amp;context=52045"><br />
</a></strong>Foi um <strong>pastor protestante escocês, Presbiteriano,</strong> isto é,<strong> portanto, Calvinista; e Maçon.</strong><strong><br />
</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>He was ordained a <strong>minister</strong> in the Church of Scotland in 1707 and moved to London, where he ministered to the Glass House Street congregation until 1710, <strong>to the Presbyterian church</strong> in Swallow Street until 1734, and at Lisle Street Chapel until his death. He is reported to have lost a large sum of money in the South Sea Company crash of 1720. <strong><br />
</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Anderson is best known, however, for his association with Freemasonry. </strong>He was Master of a Masonic lodge, and a Grand Warden of the <a title="Premier Grand Lodge of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Grand_Lodge_of_England">Grand Lodge of London</a> and <a title="Westminster" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster">Westminster</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Foi este pastor presbiteriano, James Anderson, que foi encarregado pela Grande Loja de Inglaterra, de mudar a velha <em>constituição gótica</em> num novo e melhor método. Esta referência ao repúdio do gótico, para &#8220;optar por um método melhor&#8221;, foi feita também a respeito da arquitectura de Alexander Thomson. Voltarei a isso mais tarde.<br />
Que fosse ele o escolhido para ser o redactor de um documento tão importante como as Constiuições da Maçonaria, nada teve de especial, porque a maioria dos maçons eram protestantes, e muitos presbiterianos, calvinistas, mais tarde episcopais, da Igreja anglicana nos EUA. Que fosse um católico é que seria impossível. Aliás porque os católicos não eram admitidos, nem o seriam durante muito tempo.</p>
<ul>
<li>When, in 1721, on the revival of <a title="Freemasonry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry">freemasonry</a> in England, the grand lodge determined to produce an authoritative digest of <strong>the <i>Constitutions</i> of the fraternity</strong>, the task was assigned to him (Entick&#8217;s edition (1747) of the <i>Constitutions,</i> p. 194 et seq.). It was as a grand warden of the lodge that he presented to it, on completing his task, <i><a title="Constitutions of the Free-Masons" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutions_of_the_Free-Masons">The Constitutions of the Free-Masons; containing the History, Charges, Regulations, &amp;c. of that Most Ancient and Right Worshipful Fraternity. For the Use of the Lodges. London. In the year of Masonry 5723, Anno Domini 1723.</a></i></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>“The Charges of a Free-<img class="alignleft" src="https://i1.wp.com/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Anderson%27sConstitutions.jpg/220px-Anderson%27sConstitutions.jpg" alt="" width="220" height="160" /> Mason” and the “General Regulations” concern rules of conduct for individuals and of governance for Lodges and their officers.<br />
The work also includes five songs to be sung at meetings, one of which—“A New Song”—appears in print for the first time and may have been composed by Franklin.</li>
<li><strong>The document suggests that Masonry, in its modern Anglo-American form, was rooted in Old Testament exegesis (“So that the Israelites, at their leaving Egypt, were a whole Kingdom of Masons, … under the Conduct of their GRAND MASTER MOSES”)</strong> <em><strong>and in contemporary Protestant ideals of morality, merit, and political equality</strong>.&#8221;</em></li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong> </strong></em><a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Anderson%22%20author_fname%3A%22James%22&amp;start=0&amp;context=52045">Right Worshipful Fraternity of Accepted Free-Masons<br />
~ </a><a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Anderson%22%20author_fname%3A%22James%22&amp;start=0&amp;context=52045">de James Anderson&#8230; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p><strong>III<br />
Protestantismo, Calvinismo e o O Grande Arquitecto do Universo</strong></p>
<p>Agora, vejamos as origens do Presbiterianismo, quais são ?</p>
<p><strong>A Igreja Presbiteriana inicia-se na Escócia, e a sua doutrina é o Calvinismo. </strong><br />
Importante característica é que o seu governo não é episcopal, como o da Igreja Católica, mas sim organizado em assembleias de anciãos.</p>
<blockquote><p>Congregations are organized according to a <a title="Presbyterian polity" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian_polity">Presbyterian polity</a>.  Scotland ensured Presbyterian &#8220;<strong><a title="Church government" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_government">church government</a></strong>&#8221; in <strong>the <a title="Acts of Union 1707" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707">Acts of Union</a> in 1707 which created the kingdom of <a title="Kingdom of Great Britain" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain">Great Britain</a>.</strong> In fact, <strong>most Presbyterians found in England can trace a <a title="Scottish people" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_people">Scottish</a> connection, <em>and the Presbyterian denomination was also taken to North America mostly by Scots and Scots-Irish immigrants. </em></strong><br />
The Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of Calvin and his immediate successors, although there is a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism.  ~ <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism &#8211; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a>.<br />
Uma das suas características parece ter sido a criação de boas universidades e excelentes carreiras. </strong></p></blockquote>
<p>Portanto vejamos: o que é o <strong>Calvinismo ?</strong></p>
<p><img class="alignright" title="John Calvin" src="https://i0.wp.com/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/John_Calvin.jpg" alt="Ficheiro:John Calvin.jpg" width="210" height="292" /></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Calvinists broke with the Roman Catholic church but differed with Lutherans</strong> on the real presence of Christ in the Lord&#8217;s supper, theories of worship, and the use of God&#8217;s law for believers, among other things. Calvinism is a misleading term because the religious tradition it denotes is and has always been diverse, with a wide range of influences rather than a single founder. The movement was first called &#8220;Calvinism&#8221; by Lutherans who opposed it, and <strong>many within the tradition would prefer to use the word &#8220;Reformed&#8221; rather than &#8220;Calvinist.&#8221;</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>Since the Arminian controversy, <strong>the Reformed (as a branch of Protestantism distinguished from Lutheranism) are divided into Arminians and Calvinists</strong>, <strong>however it is now rare to call Arminians Reformed</strong>, as many see these two schools of thought as opposed, making the terms <strong>Calvinist and Reformed synonymous.</strong></li>
<li><strong>John Calvin</strong>, in his <i>Institutes of the Christian Religion</i> (1536), <strong>repeatedly calls the Christian God &#8220;the Architect of the Universe&#8221;, also referring to his works as &#8220;Architecture of the Universe&#8221;, and in his commentary on Psalm 19 refers to the Christian God as the &#8220;Great Architect&#8221; or &#8220;Architect of the Universe&#8221;.  </strong>~ Great Architect of the Universe &#8211; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</li>
</ul>
<p>Não é incrível ? Para mim, é novo. E como poderia não ser interessante, nesta contínua convivência que temos com este &#8220;Arquitecto do Universo&#8221;, na nossa sociedade, já que somos regidos por Maçons ?</p>
<p>O primeiro arquitecto do estilo maçónico <strong><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Thomson">Alexander Thomson </a></strong>:<br />
Um arquitecto Escocês Presbiteriano, construindo provavelmente a primeira Igreja de &#8220;estilo maçónico&#8221;: uma Igreja, Presbiteriana.<br />
Pelo que vejo, talvez possa ser considerado o fundador do &#8220;estilo&#8221;, que observamos em tantos edifícios maçónicos !!!</p>
<blockquote><p><img class="alignright" title="St.Vincent Street Church United Presbyterian Church of Scotland, in Glasgow" src="https://i0.wp.com/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wellington_Church.jpg/800px-Wellington_Church.jpg" alt="File:Wellington Church.jpg" width="336" height="211" /><a title="Glasgow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"><strong>Thomson was an elder of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland,</strong> and his religious convictions informed his work. There is a strong suggestion that he closely identified </a><a title="Solomon’s temple" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%E2%80%99s_temple">Solomon’s temple</a> with the raised basilica of the same form of his three major churches.<br />
His architectural style was often <strong>eclectic</strong>; it cannot be described as truly neoclassical (he never managed to visit Greece), but he frequently used Egyptian and other Middle Eastern motifs. His interior designs and colour schemes for churches were strongly influenced by Biblical descriptions of King Solomon&#8217;s Temple, for example the reference to <a title="Pomegranate" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>.<br />
<img class="alignleft" src="https://i2.wp.com/upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wfm_wellington_church.jpg/300px-Wfm_wellington_church.jpg" alt="" width="300" height="224" /></p>
<div><a title="Glasgow" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"><b>St. Vincent Street Church  built in 1859</b></a><br />
a <a title="Presbyterian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> church on St. Vincent Street inGlasgow, Scotland. It was designed by Alexander Thomson (also known as &#8220;Greek&#8221; Thomson), built for the former <a title="United Presbyterian Church of Scotland" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland">United Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a>. The building is currently used by a congregation of the <a title="Free Church of Scotland (post-1900)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(post-1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a>: Glasgow City Free Church.</div>
<div>
<blockquote><p><strong>As Sir John Summerson noted, &#8220;There is something wildly &#8216;American&#8217; about Thomson</strong> &#8212; <strong>a &#8216;New World&#8217; attitude&#8221;</strong></p></blockquote>
<div>Não vejo nada de selvagem, pessoalmente, a não ser que com isso ele quisesse dizer, horrendo&#8230; o que nos dá poucas esperanças, ou um indício certo, sobre esse &#8220;Novo Mundo&#8221;  !!!</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<div>
<blockquote><p>Portanto agora sabemos melhor o que quer dizer <strong>&#8220;New World Order&#8221; !!!<br />
</strong>Não se trata de uma NOM, mas sim de uma NOMEUA&#8230;</p></blockquote>
<p>Para melhor observação do &#8220;estilo&#8221;, veja-se mais trabalhos de <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Thomson">Alexander Thomson</a></p>
</div>
<div><a href="http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/images_Focus_on_Alexander_Greek_Thomson.html">Glasgow Guide: Glasgow Images: Focus on Alexander Greek Thomson<br />
</a><a href="http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/images_FoAGT_Egyptian_Halls_index.html">Glasgow Guide: Glasgow Images: Egyptian Halls<br />
citações daqui   ~ </a><a href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/search/?q=author_lname%3A%22Anderson%22%20author_fname%3A%22James%22&amp;start=0&amp;context=52045">de James Anderson&#8230; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)</a></p>
<ul>
<li><b>Henry-Russell Hitchcock</b> (1903-1987) was the leading American architectural historian of his generation. A long-time professor at Smith College and New York University, he is best known for writings that helped to define Modern architecture. Sobre Alexander Thomson, ele disse em 1966 esta coisa fantástica:  “Glasgow in the last 150 years has had two of the greatest architects of the Western world. <a title="Charles Rennie Mackintosh" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rennie_Mackintosh">C.R.Mackintosh</a> &#8230; An even greater and happily more productive architect, though one whose influence can only occasionally be traced in America in <a title="Milwaukee" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> and in <a title="New York" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York">New York</a> <strong>and not at all as far as I know in <a title="Europe" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe">Europe</a>, was Alexander Thomson.</strong>”</li>
</ul>
<p>Reconheço-o reconheço-a bastante na nosso Baixa ou em algumas construções do período, embora não saiba se foram essas as feitas por Carlos Mardel, mas adivinha-se a influência!</p>
<p>De repente já sei porque é que às vezes se houve dizer que o Terreiro do Paço é a Praça &#8220;mais bonita do mundo&#8221; !!! Estranha-se essa fama incompatível com um país de que a maioria das pessoas nada sabe, e ao qual só vêm para apanhar sol. Nunca se houve que temos outras construções entre as mais bonitas do mundo, etc.</p>
<p><strong>Henry A. Wallace</strong><br />
Adivinho que tenha tido um papel importante na industrialização da produção agricola em grande escala. (animal farms?)<br />
Apenas mais um exemplo da ligação presbiteriana maçónica: nasceu em 1888, filho de H.C. Wallace, agrónomo, editor de um jornal e professor universitário, secretário de agricultura.</p>
<ul>
<li>&#8220;<strong>The Wallaces were of Scotch Irish Presbyterian stock, who had originally emigrated from Ulster, Ireland to Pennsylvania. </strong><strong>His grandfather,</strong> Henry Wallace, <strong>was a former Presbyterian minister</strong>. <strong>&#8220;Wallace was raised as a <a title="Presbyterian" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a></strong> and remained a devout Christian all his life. In 1939, however, he formally joined the <a title="Episcopal Church (United States)" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)">Episcopal Church</a>.</li>
<li><em><a href="http://www.glasgowguide.co.uk/images_FoAGT_Egyptian_Halls_index.html"><strong>Henry Wallace was also a </strong></a><strong><a title="Freemasonry" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry">Freemason</a> and attained the 32nd Degree in the <a title="Scottish Rite" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Rite">Scottish Rite</a>.&#8221;</strong></em></li>
</ul>
<p>Na sua página na wiki, a parte sobre religião, é interessante, (<strong>sobre Roerich!</strong>) embora não relevante para o tema presente.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace">Henry A. Wallace &#8211; Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</a>.</p>
<p>Ainda uma nota sobre <strong>o que é a Igreja Episcopal:<br />
</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>&#8220;The Church was organised shortly after the <a title="American Revolution" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution">American Revolution</a> <strong>when it was forced to separate from the <a title="Church of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England">Church of England</a>, as the Church of England clergy were required to swear allegiance to the <a title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom">British monarch</a>, who is the <a title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a>.</strong> It became, in the words of the 1990 report of the <a title="Archbishop of Canterbury" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>&#8216;s Group on the Episcopate, &#8220;the first Anglican Province outside the <a title="British Isles" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles">British Isles</a>.&#8221;</li>
</ul>
<p>Ou seja, fizeram-na, para terem a sua própria Igreja autónoma, independente e americana. Como um filho que depois quer formar a sua própria casa. <strong><br />
</strong></p>
<p>Este artigo tem continuação, mas vou fazer aqui uma pausa, pois que sei como é insuportavelmente chato, ler um artigo longo na internet — a não ser que seja excelente. Espero que este, nada excelente, possa ser útil.<br />
Até então !</p>
</div>
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