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<h5><img class="n3VNCb alignleft" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/810tYsVd-CL.jpg" alt="Amazon.fr - Rules for Radicals: A Practical Primer for Realistic ..." width="450" height="684" /></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em><img class="n3VNCb alignleft" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51GL17esjOL._SX330_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" alt="After Alinsky: Community Organizing in Illinois (1990-07-01 ..." width="450" height="676" /></em></h5>
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<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>&laquo;&nbsp;Le Prince&nbsp;&raquo; a été écrit par Machiavel pour les nantis sur la façon de tenir le pouvoir. Le &laquo;&nbsp;Manuel du gauchiste&nbsp;&raquo; est écrit pour les pauvres sur la façon de le leur prendre.</em> Saul Alinsky</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Lest we forget at least an over-the-shoulder acknowledgment to the very first radical: from all our legends, mythology, and history (and who is to know where mythology leaves off and history begins — or which is which), the first radical known to man who rebelled against the establishment and did it so effectively that he at least won his own kingdom — Lucifer. </em>Saul Alinsky</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Let’s say that if there is an afterlife, and I have anything to say about it, I will unreservedly choose to go to hell. (&#8230;) Hell would be heaven for me. All my life I’ve been with the have-nots. Over here, if you’re a have-not, you’re short of dough. If you’re a have-not in hell, you’re short of virtue. Once I get into hell, I’ll start organizing the have-nots over there. (&#8230;) They’re my kind of people. Saul Alinsky (&#8230;) In order to involve the Catholic priests in Back of the Yards, I didn’t give them any stuff about Christian ethics, I just appealed to their self-interest. I’d say, “Look, you’re telling your people to stay out of the Communist-dominated unions and action groups, right? . . . Your only hope is to move first, to beat the Communists at their own game, to show the people you’re more interested in their living conditions than the contents of your collection plate. And not only will you get them back again by supporting their struggle, but when they win they’ll be more prosperous and your donations will go up and the welfare of the Church will be enhanced. (&#8230;) Look, you don’t have to put up with all this shit. There’s something concrete you can do about it. But to accomplish anything you’ve got to have power and you’ll only get it through organization. Now, power comes in two forms — money and people. You haven’t got any money, but you do have people, and here’s what you can do with them. </em>Saul Alinsky</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>The Have-Nots of the world seeking revolutionary writings, can find such literature only from the communists. . . . Here they can read about tactics, maneuvers, strategy, and principles of action in the making of revolutions. . . . We have permitted a suicidal situation to unfold wherein revolution and communism have become one. These pages are committed to splitting this political atom. </em>Saul Alinsky<em><br />
</em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>What I wanted to try to do was to apply the organizing skills I’d mastered in the CIO to the worst slums and ghettos, so that the most oppressed and exploited elements could take control of their own communities and their own destinies. Up until then, specific factories and industries had been organized for social change, but never whole communities. </em>Saul Alinsky<em><br />
</em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>The Radical believes that all peoples should have a high standard of food, housing, and health … The Radical places human rights far above property rights. He is for universal, free public education and recognizes this as fundamental to the democratic way of life … The Radical believes completely in real equality of opportunity for all peoples regardless of race, color, or creed. He insists on full employment for economic security but is just as insistent that man&rsquo;s work should not only provide economic security but also be such as to satisfy the creative desires within all men. (&#8230;) Radicals … hope for a future where the means of economic production will be owned by all of the people instead of just a comparative handful.</em> Saul Alinsky</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Power is not only what you have but what the enemy thinks you have.<br />
Never go outside the experience of your people.<br />
Wherever possible go outside of the experience of the enemy.<br />
Make the enemy live up to their own book of rules.<br />
Ridicule is man&rsquo;s most potent weapon.<br />
A good tactic is one that your people enjoy.<br />
A tactic that drags on too long becomes a drag.<br />
Keep the pressure on.<br />
The threat is usually more terrifying than the thing itself.<br />
The major premise for tactics is the development of operations that will maintain a constant pressure upon the opposition.<br />
If you push a negative hard and deep enough it will break through into its counterside.<br />
The price of a successful attack is a constructive alternative.<br />
Pick the target, freeze it, personalize it, and polarize it.</em></h5>
<h5>One&rsquo;s concern with the ethics of means and ends varies inversely with one&rsquo;s personal interest in the issue.<br />
The judgment of the ethics of means is dependent upon the political position of those sitting in judgment.<br />
In war, the end justifies almost any means.<br />
Judgment must be made in the context of the times in which the action occurred and not from any other chronological vantage point.<br />
Concern with ethics increases with the number of means available and vice versa.<br />
The less important the end to be desired, the more one can afford to engage in ethical evaluations of means.<br />
The ethics of means and ends is that generally success or failure is a mighty determinant of ethics.<br />
The morality of a means depends upon whether the means is being employed at a time of imminent defeat or imminent victory.<br />
Any effective means is automatically judged by the opposition as being unethical.<br />
You do what you can with what you have and clothe it with moral garments.<br />
Goals must be phrased in general terms like &laquo;&nbsp;Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,&nbsp;&raquo; &laquo;&nbsp;Of the Common Welfare,&nbsp;&raquo; &laquo;&nbsp;Pursuit of Happiness&nbsp;&raquo; or &laquo;&nbsp;Bread and Peace.&nbsp;&raquo; Saul Alinsky</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Pour moi, la morale consiste à faire ce qui est le mieux pour le maximum de gens. </em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>L’organisateur doit se faire schizophrène, politiquement parlant, afin de ne pas se laisser prendre totalement au jeu. (…) Seule une personne organisée peut à la fois se diviser et rester unifiée. (…) La trame de toutes ces qualités souhaitées chez un organisateur est un ego très fort, très solide. L’ego est la certitude absolue qu’a l’organisateur de pouvoir faire ce qu’il pense devoir faire et de réussir dans la tâche qu’il a entreprise. Un organisateur doit accepter sans crainte, ni anxiété, que les chances ne soient jamais de son bord.</em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Le moi de l’organizer est plus fort et plus monumental que le moi du leader. Le leader est poussé par un désir pour le pouvoir, tandis que l’organizer est poussé par un désir de créer. L’organizer essaie dans un sens profond d’atteindre le plus haut niveau qu’un homme puisse atteindre—créer, être ‘grand créateur,’ jouer à être Dieu.</em> <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2008/11/15/election-americaine-obama-et-son-machiavel-du-pauvre-machiavelli-for-have-nots/">Saul Alinsky</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Much of what Alinsky professes does not sound “radical.” . . . He does not advocate immediate change. He is too much in the world right now to allow himself the luxury of symbolic suicide. He realizes that radical goals have to be achieved often by non-radical, even “anti-radical” means. </em>Hillary Clinton<em><br />
</em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>For my thesis, I analyzed the work of a Chicago native and community organizer named Saul Alinsky, whom I had met the previous summer. Alinsky was a colorful and controversial figure who managed to offend almost everyone during his long career. His prescription for social change required grassroots organizing that taught people to help themselves by confronting government and corporations to obtain the resources and power to improve their lives. I agreed with some of Alinsky&rsquo;s ideas, particularly the value of empowering people to help themselves. But we had a fundamental disagreement. He believed you could change the system only from the outside. I didn&rsquo;t. Later, he offered me the chance to work with him when I graduated from college, and he was disappointed that I decided instead to go to law school. Alinsky said I would be wasting my time, but my decision was an expression of my belief that the system could be changed from within. </em>Hillary Clinton</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Organizing begins with the premise that (1) the problems facing inner-city communities do not result from a lack of effective solutions, but from a lack of power to implement these solutions; (2) that the only way for communities to build long-term power is by organizing people and the money [they raise] around a common vision; and (3) that a viable organization can only be achieved if a broadly based indigenous leadership—and not one or two charismatic leaders—can knit together the diverse interests of their local institutions [and &laquo;&nbsp;grassroots&nbsp;&raquo; people]. </em><a href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/alinsky-for-the-left-the-politics-of-community-organizing">Barack Obama</a><em><br />
</em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>The key to creating successful organizations was making sure people&rsquo;s self-interest was met and not just basing it on pie-in-the-sky idealism. So there were some basic principles that remained powerful then, and in fact I still believe in. </em><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/61068/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education">Barack Obama</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>L’action, le pouvoir, l’intérêt particulier. J’aimais ces concepts. Ils témoignaient d’un certain réalisme, d’un refus temporel pour le sentiment ; la politique, et non la religion.</em> <a href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=HRCHJp-V0QUC&amp;pg=PA155&amp;dq=Issues,+action,+power,+special+interests.+I+liked+these+concepts.++Barack+Obama&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiEn5udpoHpAhVKyxoKHQPpBvoQ6AEIOjAC#v=onepage&amp;q=Issues%2C%20action%2C%20power%2C%20special%20interests.%20I%20liked%20these%20concepts.%20%20Barack%20Obama&amp;f=false">Barack Obama</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>It&rsquo;s true that the notion of self-interest was critical. But Alinsky understated the degree to which people&rsquo;s hopes and dreams and their ideals and their values were just as important in organizing as people&rsquo;s self-interest. Sometimes the tendency in community organizing of the sort done by Alinsky was to downplay the power of words and of ideas when in fact ideas and words are pretty powerful. &lsquo;We hold these truths to be self-evident, all men are created equal.&rsquo; Those are just words. &lsquo;I have a dream.&rsquo; Just words. But they help move things. And I think it was partly that understanding that probably led me to try to do something similar in different arenas. </em>Barack Obama</h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Il n’y aucune discussion de la théorie qui sous-tendait son travail et qui guida ses maîtres. Alinsky est la couche absente de ce récit.</em> <a href="http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm">Ryan Lizza</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Ces principes ne font que traduire, dans un langage théorique, les tactiques utilisées par Alinsky et ses disciples à Chicago et ailleurs. Puisque l’organizer cherche avant tout à faire prendre conscience aux laissés-pour-compte de leur propre pouvoir, sa première tâche, lorsqu’il arrive dans une communauté, est de repérer ceux qui sont susceptibles de la mobiliser, en faisant appel aux « leaders locaux ». Alinsky travaillait ainsi beaucoup aussi avec les églises, qui constituent souvent la colonne vertébrale des quartiers défavorisés aux Etats-Unis. (&#8230;) </em><em>La « méthode Alinsky » exerça une influence considérable sur le militantisme et les formes de contestation sociale aux Etats-Unis, tant par son propre travail (notamment à travers l’Industrial Areas Foundation et la Woodlawn Organization) que par les « organizers » qu’il a formés et les associations qui ont suivi son exemple. Parmi ceux passés par son école figure en particulier César Chávez, le militant pour les droits civiques et le fondateur des United Farm Workers, le syndicat qui a organisé la célèbre « grève des raisins » en Californie en 1965. </em>Michael C. Behrent<em><br />
</em></h5>
<p style="text-align:justify;" align="justify"><strong>Pour ceux qui refusent toujours de voir, derrière les belles paroles, l&rsquo;autre face de Saint Obama …</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ou ceux qui inversement s’étonneraient du cynisme et des côtés sans foi ni loi qui ont permis à l&rsquo;ex-animateur de quartier de réussir, de Chicago à Washington, son <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2008/11/05/presidentielle-americaine-retour-sur-le-casse-du-siecle-looking-back-on-the-hold-up-of-the-century/">hold up du siècle</a> …</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Petit retour, avec un intéressant compte rendu de Michael C. Behrent, sur celui qui fut son maitre tacticien, le théoricien de toute une génération d’activistes américains des années 60 (du syndicaliste Cesar Chavez à… Hillary Clinton !), Saul Alinsky …</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Saul-Alinsky-la-campagne.html"><strong>Saul Alinsky, la campagne présidentielle et l’histoire de la gauche américaine</strong></a><br />
Michael C. Behrent<br />
La vie des idées<br />
10-06-2008</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Situé au croisement de la tradition du « self-made man » et de l’autogestion à l’américaine, Saul Alinsky est la figure de proue d’un mouvement qui a profondément marqué l’histoire du progressisme aux États-Unis. Michael C. Behrent dresse ici le portrait du père fondateur du community organizing, dont l’histoire a inspiré aussi bien Hillary Clinton que Barack Obama.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Les primaires démocrates viennent de se terminer aux États-Unis. Elles ont permis à l’opinion publique de mesurer la distance qui sépare les deux candidats, distance qui a tant mobilisé – au risque de la diviser – la gauche américaine. Mais au moment où cet affrontement-là cède la place à celui qui opposera Obama à McCain, revenons sur un héritage intellectuel et politique que les deux candidats démocrates partagent : l’enseignement de Saul Alinsky.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Si Alinsky est quasiment inconnu en France, c’est parce qu’il fut un militant et un penseur résolument américain – dans ses croyances, ses références et ses méthodes. Aux États-Unis, il est généralement reconnu comme le père fondateur du community organizing, terme que l’on pourrait traduire de manière approximative par « animation de quartier » [1], mais dont le sens est à la fois plus politique et plus radical : il se réfère aux activités par lesquelles un animateur aide les habitants d’un quartier défavorisé à faire valoir leurs droits, que ce soit en exigeant de l’administration des HLM de mettre les logements sociaux aux normes sanitaires en vigueur, ou en demandant aux banques implantées dans le quartier d’offrir des taux d’intérêts plus raisonnables.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Né lui-même dans un ghetto de Chicago en 1909, Alinsky est issu d’une famille juive originaire de la Russie. Après des études à l’université de Chicago, il s’intéresse à la criminologie et obtient une bourse lui permettant de suivre de près la vie des gangs urbains : il développera ainsi une grande estime pour celui d’Al Capone, qu’il considère comme un vaste service public informel. Mais surtout, à partir de 1938, il trouve sa vocation lorsqu’il décide d’« organiser » le quartier Back of the Yards, le fameux ghetto dont les conditions de vie atroces ont été portées au grand jour par le roman d’Upton Sinclair, La Jungle (1905). C’est là qu’Alinksy mettra pour la première fois en œuvre des méthodes dont il fera plus tard un système. Son idée fondamentale : pour s’attaquer aux problèmes sociaux, il faut bâtir des « organisations populaires » (« People’s Organizations ») permettant aux populations de se mobiliser. Ces méthodes s’avéreront fructueuses aussi lorsqu’il organisa &#8211; toujours à Chicago &#8211; aux débuts des années soixante « The Woodlawn Organization » (TWO), du nom d’un quartier noir menacé par les efforts dits de « rénovation urbaine » de l’université de Chicago. Il fonda aussi l’Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), une association où de nombreux futurs organizers (« animateurs de quartier ») apprendront la « méthode Alinsky » pour l’appliquer un peu partout dans le pays.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La « méthode Alinsky »</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bien qu’il fût avant tout un homme d’action, Alinsky tenta, dans plusieurs textes, d’expliquer les principes qui guident sa démarche. Son radicalisme puise ses racines dans l’histoire américaine – une histoire traversée avant tout par l’idée de la démocratie, qui a animé les penseurs radicaux américains depuis toujours, des révolutionnaires de Boston en 1776 jusqu’aux fondateurs du mouvement syndical, en passant par les jeffersoniens et les militants œuvrant pour l’abolition de l’esclavage. Citons-en trois principes qui constituent, pour lui, autant de tabous à lever :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1) Le pouvoir. Alinsky est loin d’épouser une vision irénique de la démocratie. Le principe primordial de l’organizer est celui du pouvoir. Le pouvoir, soutient-il, est « l’essence même, la dynamo de la vie » (dans certains textes, il ira jusqu’à citer Nietzsche) [2]. « Aucun individu, aucune organisation ne peut négocier sans le pouvoir d’imposer la négociation ». Ou encore : « Vouloir agir sur la base de la bonne foi plutôt que du pouvoir, c’est de tenter quelque chose dont le monde n’a pas encore fait l’expérience—n’oubliez pas que pour être efficace, même la bonne foi doit être mobilisée en tant qu’élément de pouvoir ». Malheureusement, poursuit-il, la culture moderne tend à faire de « pouvoir » un gros mot ; dès qu’on l’évoque, « c’est comme si on ouvrait les portes de l’enfer. » [3] Surmontant ce moralisme gênant, l’organizer identifie le pouvoir dont une communauté dispose, pour ensuite lui montrer le plaisir à l’éprouver – pour ensuite, enfin, le manier à ses propres fins.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">2) L’intérêt propre. Si le pouvoir est le but de l’organizer, son point d’appui est l’intérêt propre (self-interest), un autre terme considéré souvent comme tabou. Pour organiser une communauté, il doit faire appel à ses intérêts (et les convaincre qu’il n’y a pas de honte à agir sur cette base) tout en identifiant ceux des personnes qui y ont font obstacle. « Douter de la force de l’intérêt particulier, qui pénètre tous les domaines de la politique, insistera Alinsky, c’est refuser de voir l’homme tel qu’il est, de le voir seulement comme on souhaiterait qu’il soit ». [4]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">3) Le conflit. Mais puisque celui qui essaie de faire valoir son intérêt particulier se heurte souvent aux intérêts de quelqu’un d’autre, l’organizer doit accepter le conflit non seulement comme inéluctable, mais même comme désirable – car rien ne mobilise autant que l’antagonisme. Sa tâche doit être « de mettre du sel dans les plaies des gens de la communauté ; d’attiser les hostilités latentes de beaucoup, jusqu’au point où ils les expriment ouvertement ; de fournir un canal dans lequel ils puissent verser leurs frustrations passées… ». [5] Loin d’être un mal nécessaire, le conflit est « le noyau essentiel d’une société libre et ouverte ». Si la démocratie était un morceau de musique, selon Alinsky, « son thème majeur serait l’harmonie de la dissonance ». [6]</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ces principes ne font que traduire, dans un langage théorique, les tactiques utilisées par Alinsky et ses disciples à Chicago et ailleurs. Puisque l’organizer cherche avant tout à faire prendre conscience aux laissés-pour-compte de leur propre pouvoir, sa première tâche, lorsqu’il arrive dans une communauté, est de repérer ceux qui sont susceptibles de la mobiliser, en faisant appel aux « leaders locaux ». Alinsky travaillait ainsi beaucoup aussi avec les églises, qui constituent souvent la colonne vertébrale des quartiers défavorisés aux Etats-Unis, et entretenait notamment d’excellentes relations avec l’Eglise catholique (dans une lettre à Jacques Maritain, Alinsky ira jusqu’à dire, avec son sens d’humour habituel, qu’il est le deuxième juif le plus influent dans l’histoire du christianisme&#8230;).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">L’organizer doit, d’autre part, écouter patiemment les habitants pour pouvoir identifier leurs problèmes. Une fois une tâche identifiée, plusieurs méthodes peuvent s’imposer. Pour faire bouger une administration, les habitants peuvent rassembler des informations gênantes et menacer de les distribuer à la presse, ou inviter un responsable municipal à une réunion de quartier pour lui faire part de leur grief. Mais ils peuvent également opter pour des méthodes plus rudes. Pour dénoncer l’insuffisance de l’administration, par exemple, ils peuvent faire pression sur la municipalité en organisant une grève d’impôts, ou encore débarquer en masse dans les bureaux d’un fonctionnaire, refusant de partir avant que celui-ci ne leur accorde, sur-le-champ, la réunion tant de fois reportée (de préférence, sous le regard des caméras de télévision locale). Ou encore : faire un sit-in dans les locaux d’une banque fréquentée par un propriétaire malhonnête ou dans ceux d’une compagnie d’assurances qui pénalise les quartiers défavorisés ; déposer des sacs d’ordures devant une agence de santé dont on estime qu’elle ne remplit pas ses obligations ; manifester devant la maison du propriétaire des taudis de banlieue ; ou encore, se coucher devant les bulldozers lorsque la municipalité se lance dans la rénovation urbaine sans l’approbation des personnes concernées&#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La « méthode Alinsky » exerça une influence considérable sur le militantisme et les formes de contestation sociale aux Etats-Unis, tant par son propre travail (notamment à travers l’Industrial Areas Foundation et la Woodlawn Organization) que par les « organizers » qu’il a formés et les associations qui ont suivi son exemple. Parmi ceux passés par son école figure en particulier César Chávez, le militant pour les droits civiques et le fondateur des United Farm Workers, le syndicat qui a organisé la célèbre « grève des raisins » en Californie en 1965.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Cependant, Alinsky a toujours été un personnage controversé dans l’histoire du mouvement social américain &#8211; réputation, d’ailleurs, qu’il entretenait lui-même avec enthousiasme. Certains le considéraient comme trop radical et trop diviseur, tandis que d’autres — surtout le mouvement étudiant des années soixante — étaient gênés par son réformisme et son apathie idéologique. De son côté, il ne cachait pas son mépris pour des organisations comme Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) ou le Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) : de Jerry Rubin et Abbie Hoffman, les leaders des « Yippies » (Youth International Party). Il disait qu’ils n’étaient « pas fichus d’organiser un déjeuner, encore moins une révolution ». [7] Surtout, Alinsky reconnaissait que les valeurs dénoncées par cette jeunesse en colère étaient justement celles auxquelles les pauvres pour lesquels il a milité aspiraient : en 1967, il remarquera : « Les gosses du SDS me disent : ‘Alinsky, tu sais ce que tu fais ? Tu organises les pauvres au nom de valeurs décadentes, ruinées, bourgeoises, et matérialistes.’ Et je me trouve en train de répondre : ‘Vous savez ce qu’ils veulent, les pauvres, dans ce pays ? Ils veulent une part plus grande dans ces valeurs décadentes, ruinées, bourgeoises ». [8] Les associations d’inspiration alinskienne travaillaient en collaboration avec les pouvoirs publics voire les chefs d’entreprise (Marshall Field III, le millionnaire de Chicago, siégea par exemple dans le conseil de direction de l’IAF) plutôt que s’engager dans une lutte « gauchiste ». Son héritage, partagé entre ses tactiques de dissident et des instincts foncièrement réformiste, est donc complexe.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky, Clinton et la critique du welfare</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">A l’automne 1968, alors que l’Amérique ne s’est pas encore remise des assassinats de Marin Luther King et de Robert Kennedy, et qu’elle a encore en tête les images des émeutes qui ont éclatées lors de la convention démocrate de Chicago, portant ainsi au grand jour l’opposition à la guerre au Vietnam, une étudiante de Wellesley College, âgée de vingt-deux ans, férue de politique et de justice sociale, décide de consacrer son mémoire de fin d’études à Saul Alinksy. Elle s’appelle encore Hillary Rodham. Dans son mémoire, qu’elle intitule (en citant T. S. Eliot) There is only the fight : an analysis of the Alinsky model, la future candidate à l’investiture démocrate médite la pensée et la carrière d’Alinsky – et, en passant, égrène quelques brins de sa propre vision politique, à l’époque encore en gestation. Au moins laisse-t-elle entrevoir ses préoccupations.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky la fascine autant par sa soif insatiable de la justice que par sa critique acerbe de la morale chrétienne version middle class, dans laquelle la jeune Hillary a baigné pendant son enfance et qui fait peu de place aux notions comme le pouvoir, le conflit et l’intérêt particulier. D’autre part, Alinsky est à la fois radical et réformiste. Elle remarque que ce qu’il professe « ne sonne pas très ‘radical.’ Ses paroles sont les mêmes que l’on entend dans nos écoles, chez nos parents et leurs amis, chez nos pairs ». Mais elle souligne : « La différence, c’est qu’Alinsky y croit vraiment ». [9] La possibilité de fonder une contestation sur des principes globalement reconnus est sans doute attirant pour une jeune femme tentée par les grandes luttes des sixties, mais qui choisit de rester dans le « système ». Enfin, Hillary porte un intérêt manifeste pour la place centrale qu’Alinsky accorde à la notion de « communauté ». Le problème qui hante sa pensée est celle « de la quête d’une communauté viable ». [10] En particulier, il nous oblige à penser ce que signifie une « communauté » à l’âge de l’industrialisation et de la société de masse – si, dans ce contexte, une communauté peut encore exister. Alinsky, qu’Hillary rencontre en complétant son mémoire, est impressionné par la jeune étudiante : il lui propose de venir travailler pour son association. Elle refusera, décidant plutôt de poursuivre des études de droit à Yale (où elle fera la connaissance d’un certain Bill Clinton…).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky n’aura-t-il été qu’un intérêt passager d’une jeune étudiante passionnée par la politique ? Peut-être. On peut néanmoins considérer la carrière d’Hillary Clinton à la lumière de cet engouement estudiantin pour le community organizer. Son intérêt pour la notion de communauté et les valeurs de solidarité qu’elle véhicule se retrouveront, par exemple, dans son militantisme en faveur des droits de l’enfant [11] et de l’assurance sociale. D’autre part, le pragmatisme d’Alinksy, ainsi que son allergie aux idéologies, rejoignent curieusement les valeurs de la « troisième voie » clintonienne. Clinton remarque ainsi dans son mémoire qu’Alinsky s’intéresse à l’idée d’appliquer ses méthodes à la classe moyenne américaine qui, elle aussi, éprouve un sentiment d’impuissance (powerlessness) devant « ces guerres que l’on suit sur les écrans de télévision ». [12] Mobilier la classe moyenne – n’est-ce pas ce que tentent les époux Clinton dans les années 1990, lorsqu’ils repartent à la conquête des couches sociales que leur parti semble avoir abandonné ? D’autre part, tout en militant pour les plus pauvres, Alinsky ne cache pas sa suspicion à l’égard de l’Etat-providence, surtout à l’égard de la « guerre contre la pauvreté » menée par le Président Lyndon Johnson dans les années 1960, qu’il qualifiera de « pornographie politique ». Alinsky se vantait de n’avoir jamais rien fait pour les pauvres, comme voulaient le faire les bureaucrates bien-pensants de Washington : il n’a fait que travailler avec eux, les aidant à chercher eux-mêmes des solutions à leurs problèmes.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Situé au croisement de la tradition du « self-made man » et d’une sorte d’autogestion à l’américaine, Alinsky insiste toujours sur la nécessité des pauvres de pourvoir à leurs intérêts, mêmes « bourgeois » et « décadents », et nourrit un profond mépris pour les « libéraux » (au sens américain du terme, donc la gauche) qui, en prétendant connaître les intérêts profonds des couches sociales démunies, ne font que les infantiliser. Mais de là à rejoindre les critiques libérales (au sens européen) de l’Etat-providence ? Rappelons qu’en 1996, le président Clinton, appuyé par les Républicains, adopta la loi sur la « responsabilité personnelle » (Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, PRWORA), qui supprima de nombreuses allocations destinées aux plus démunis (en particulier celles destinées aux enfants), en les remplaçant, au niveau des Etats fédérés, par une politique dite de « workfare », qui lie le droit aux prestations sociales à l’obligation de travailler (même dans des conditions indignes). Clinton annonça à cette occasion que « l’ère du big government » est terminée aux Etats-Unis. En dépit de son engagement profond pour les pauvres, Alinsky et sa méthode ne constituent-ils pas, par le biais de leur critique des aides gouvernementales au nom du savoir-faire spontané de la communauté, la voie détournée vers le « workfare » ?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La principale leçon que les Clinton retiendront d’Alinsky est cependant sa vision du pouvoir. L’analyse qu’ils font de l’expérience des années 1960, de l’ère Nixon et du scandale de Watergate, mais aussi du déclin du Parti démocrate à l’époque de Reagan, est précisément celle d’Alinsky : la noblesse des principes ne vaut strictement rien sans le pouvoir. Alinsky s’en prend à ceux qu’il appelle les « liberals » (et qu’il oppose aux « radicals »), c’est-à-dire ceux pour qui tous les moyens ne peuvent pas être justifiés par la noblesse du but. Railleur, Alinsky cite La Rochefoucauld : « Nous avons tous assez de force pour supporter les maux d’autrui ». [13] Lorsque les Clinton se défendent contre ceux qui leur reprochent de vouloir accaparer le pouvoir à tout prix, on peut imaginer que ce proverbe est leur réplique secrète. Dans son mémoire, Hillary Clinton note avec intérêt que selon Alinsky, contrairement à l’idée reçue, rien n’est plus facile en politique que d’être moral : « Il y a deux voies qui mènent à tout : la voie basse et la voie haute. La voie haute est la plus facile. Il suffit à parler des principes et de se montrer angélique à l’égard des choses que l’on ne pratique point. La voie basse est plus la rude. C’est la tâche de faire ressortir une conduite morale de son intérêt personnel ». [14] Cela aurait pu être la devise de la campagne menée par Hillary Clinton contre Obama : il ne suffit pas d’inspirer les auditeurs par des belles phrases et par son éloquence ; la politique est l’art des résultats ; s’il faut être méchant et déshonnête pour faire un peu de bien, s’il faut être un peu démagogue pour mobiliser la rage des démunis, soit.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky dans le parcours d’Obama</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Le paradoxe, pourtant, c’est que celui que Clinton accuse d’être trop idéaliste est passé par la même école qu’elle. En 1985, Barack Obama, ayant tout juste reçu son diplôme de Columbia, désirant participer au changement social dans le même esprit que les luttes pour les droits civiques des années 1960, mais ne sachant trop comment, répond à une publicité publiée dans le New York Times par le Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC). Cette association, qui cherche à faire des églises dans le South Side de Chicago, le célèbre ghetto noir, des forces militantes, est animée par plusieurs disciples d’Alinksy (Mike Kruglik, Gregory Galluzzo et Gerald Kellman) qui veulent recruter des jeunes noirs pour gagner la confiance d’une communauté qui les regarde (ils sont blancs et pour la plupart juifs) avec méfiance. [15] Agé tout juste de vingt-quatre ans, Obama arrive dans le South Side. Aussitôt, il reçoit son baptême du feu d’organizer, aidant une communauté à obtenir un bureau de placement pour les chômeurs, ou encore portant son soutien aux efforts des résidents d’un HLM pour obtenir le désamiantage de leurs logements.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Obama consacre presque deux cents pages à cet épisode dans ses mémoires, Dreams from my father. Certes, comme l’observe le journaliste Ryan Lizza, « il n’y a aucune discussion de la théorie qui sous-tendait son travail et qui guida ses maîtres. Alinsky est la couche absente de ce récit ». [16] Mais Obama évoque le pouvoir de séduction qu’exerça sur lui le langage alinskien au cours de sa formation comme organizer : « L’action, le pouvoir, l’intérêt particulier. J’aimais ces concepts. Ils témoignaient d’un certain réalisme, d’un refus temporel pour le sentiment ; la politique, et non la religion ». [17] A son tour, Obama enseignera à d’autres la méthode que la CCRC lui a apprise.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Toutefois, même si son nom n’est jamais mentionné, les mémoires d’Obama contiennent une critique implicite d’Alinsky – partielle, sans doute, et pourtant claire. D’abord, Obama, dans le South Side, suggère qu’il arrive parfois aux organizers de surestimer l’importance de l’intérêt particulier – ou, du moins, qu’ils le conçoivent de manière trop étroite. Les motivations des résidents du South Side qu’il mobilisa dépassaient le simple intérêt matériel ; ils étaient aussi animés par un intérêt spirituel, ou plutôt un désir de sens, une capacité d’offrir un récit significatif de leur identité. Il apprend que « l’intérêt particulier que j’étais sensé chercher s’étendait bien au-delà des problèmes immédiats, qu’au delà des banalités, des biographies sommaires, et des idées reçues, les gens portent dans leur for intérieur une explication essentielle d’eux-mêmes. Des histoires pleines de terreur et de merveilles, clouées d’événements qui les hantent ou les inspirent encore. Des histoires sacrées ». [18] Ce qui commence, pour Alinsky, en politique, finit chez Obama en mystique.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La méthode d’Alinsky est mise en question par Obama à un autre niveau encore. Alinsky, nous l’avons vu, assume sans regret le fait que la politique entraîne le conflit, et que la stigmatisation de l’autre peut être une puissante force de mobilisation. Mais quel sens cette idée peut-elle avoir pour une communauté qui vit quotidiennement la conséquence d’une telle stigmatisation &#8211; en l’occurrence, la communauté noire américaine ? Une réaction tout à fait logique, qu’Obama rencontre au South Side, est le nationalisme noir, qui assume la stigmatisation, mais en la projetant sur les blancs. Obama développera plus tard un certain respect pour cette attitude, surtout lorsqu’il se rendra compte à quel point les Noirs ont intégré le racisme dont ils sont victimes. La haine des Blancs constitue, pour les Noirs, un « contre-récit enfouit profondément à l’intérieur de chacun, au centre duquel se trouvent des Blancs : certains cruels, d’autres ignorants, parfois un seul visage, parfois l’image anonyme d’un système qui prétend contrôler nos vies. J’étais forcé de me demander si les liens de communauté pouvaient être restauré sans un exorcisme collectif de la figure spectrale qui hantait les rêves noirs ». [19] Mais surtout, il finira par conclure que la haine, même justifiée, est sans issue. Il acceptera, en quelque sorte, la psychologie d’Alinsky, mais pas sa politique.<br />
*</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ce qu’enseigne, en fin de compte, l’école d’Alinsky, est un mélange de romantisme et de rudesse, d’une soif pour la justice atteinte par des moyens impitoyables. Hillary Clinton semble y avoir puisé pour formuler sa vision non-idéologique du progrès social, tout en tenant fortement compte de sa leçon sur la centralité du pouvoir et de sa conquête, nécessaires à toute politique digne de son nom. Barack Obama, en appliquant la méthode d’Alinsky à Chicago, cherche à donner aux impuissants une preuve de leur propre puissance—tout en critiquant l’intérêt conçu en dehors de toute visée spirituelle, en même temps qu’il se méfie des conséquences de la stigmatisation d’autrui dans la poursuite du pouvoir.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mais que se passe-t-il lorsque les enfants d’Alinsky passent à la politique politicienne ? Citons le maître : « Le moi de l’organizer est plus fort et plus monumental que le moi du leader. Le leader est poussé par un désir pour le pouvoir, tandis que l’organizer est poussé par un désir de créer. L’organizer essaie dans un sens profond d’atteindre le plus haut niveau qu’un homme puisse atteindre—créer, être ‘grand créateur,’ jouer à être Dieu ». [20] Aux supporters d’Obama et d’Hillary de reconnaître leur candidat dans cette phrase…</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; L’association de Saul Alinsky : <a href="http://www.industrialareasfoundation.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.industrialareasfoundation.org/</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; Le mémoire d’Hillary Rodham (Clinton) sur Alinsky<br />
<a href="http://www.gopublius.com/HCT/HillaryClintonThesis.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.gopublius.com/HCT/HillaryClintonThesis.html</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; Elections américaines 2008 (dossier)<br />
Documents joints</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">*<br />
Saul Alinsky, la campagne présidentielle et l’histoire de la gauche américaine (PDF &#8211; 153.9 ko)<br />
par Michael C. Behrent</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Notes</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[1] Ou « animateur social » : le seul livre d’Alinsky qui semble avoir été traduit en français s’intitule Manuel de l’animateur social : une action directe non violente (Seuil, 1976).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[2] Saul Alinksy, Rules for radicals : a practical primer for realistic radicals (Random House, 1971), 51, 50.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[3] Alinksy, Rules for radicals, 51.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[4] Idem, 54.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[5] Cité dans Hillary Rodham « There is only the fight » : an analysis of the Alinsky model, mémoire non-publiée (Wellesley College, 1969), 10. Disponible en ligne : <a href="http://www.gopublius.com/HCT/HillaryClintonThesis.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.gopublius.com/HCT/HillaryClintonThesis.html</a>. 8-9</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[6] Alinksy, Rules for radicals, 62.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[7] Donald C. Reitzes et Dietrich C. Reitzes, « Alinsky in the 1980s : two contemporary Chicago community organizations », The Sociological Quarterly, 28:2, 1986, 265.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[8] Cité dans Mike Miller, « The 60’s student movement &amp; Saul Alinsky : an alliance that never happened », Social Policy 34 :2-3 (2003-2004), 107.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[9] Hillary Rodham, « There is only the fight », 10.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[10] Idem, 65-66.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[11] voir son livre Il faut tout un village pour élever un enfant, Denoël 1996</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[12] Idem, 74.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[13] Alinksy, Rules for radicals, p. 26.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[14] Cité dans Rodham, There is only the fight, p. 14.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[15] Voir Ryan Lizza, « The agitator », The New Republic, March 19, 2007, <a href="http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[16] Idem.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[17] Barack Obama, Dreams from my father : a story of race and inheritance (Three Rivers Press, 1995, 2004), 155.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[18] Idem, 190.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[19] Idem, 195.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">[20] Alinsky, Rules for radicals, 61.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Voir aussi :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:-oTA0SI7qcEJ:www.caracoleando.org/IMG/doc/Alinsky.doc+Manuel+de+l%27animateur+social&#038;hl=fr&#038;ct=clnk&#038;cd=1&#038;gl=fr&#038;lr=lang_fr" rel="nofollow">http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:-oTA0SI7qcEJ:www.caracoleando.org/IMG/doc/Alinsky.doc+Manuel+de+l%27animateur+social&#038;hl=fr&#038;ct=clnk&#038;cd=1&#038;gl=fr&#038;lr=lang_fr</a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Actions à la Alinsky</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">L&rsquo;idée de base serait que dans leur façon de lutter, les acteurs soient eux mêmes dans des logiques coopératives, ludiques, non violentes… et arrêtent de mimer les logiques des autres….</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky, lui même travailleur social aux USA, dans les années 50/60, a imaginé et développé des actions avec cette logique. Nous vous proposons ci-après une fiche de lecture de son livre &laquo;&nbsp;Manuel de l&rsquo;animateur social&nbsp;&raquo; (merci aux auteurs de la fiche, et au site de la fédération des centres sociaux Rhône Alpes qui la met à disposition des internautes…. nous ne pouvons d&rsquo;ailleurs que vous inciter à aller butiner sur ce site….).</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Quelques grands principes</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; cibler la lutte : trouver un cas précis, exemplaire, symbolique, de ce qu’on veut combattre</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; enquete civique : repérer tous les points faibles de l&rsquo;adversaire, mais toujours des points qui ne créent pas d&rsquo;insécurité (perspective non violente)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; repérage d&rsquo;une idée d&rsquo;action, non violente, sur un de ces point de faiblesse. Action ludique, où l&rsquo;on se fait plaisir et où on utilise l&rsquo;arme du rire (qui rend difficile d&rsquo;imaginer la riposte…. sous peine de ridicule)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; la menace est toujours supérieure à l&rsquo;action : lorque l&rsquo;action est imaginée et organisée, on peut aller prévenir de sa mise en œuvre, et ainsi déjà donner un espace de discussion et négociation.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&#8211; la radicalité imaginative de l&rsquo;action est toujours au service de la tactique de la négociation (ne pas courir le risque de ne pas pouvoir répondre si l&rsquo;adversaire propose de négocier…., tranformer l&rsquo;ennemi en adversaire, et lui donner la possibilité de donner le meilleur de sa propre posture……)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Manuel de l’animateur social, Saul Alinsky</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">FICHE DE LECTURE</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">vendredi 25 juillet 2003, par François Vercoutère, par Fabrice Dupuis</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Mise en forme des techniques de Saul Alinsky pour &laquo;&nbsp;organiser&nbsp;&raquo; des groupes pour l’action et la revendication. L’animateur social est un &laquo;&nbsp;organisateur&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">L’ouvrage aborde un certain nombre de problématiques :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1° le débat entre fins et moyens</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La question &laquo;&nbsp;la fin justifie-t-elle les moyens ?&nbsp;&raquo; n’a pas de sens en soi. Les populations n’ont pas toujours le choix des moyens dans une lutte. La question de la moralité des moyens peut être un prétexte à ne pas agir. Le point de repère pouvant être alors de savoir si les moyens choisis servent le plus grand nombre et non pas seulement ma personne.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Série de règles se rapportant à l’éthique de la fin et des moyens :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1ère règle : l’importance que l’on attache à l’éthique de la fin et des moyens est inversement proportionnelle aux intérêts que nous avons dans l’affaire.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">2ème règle : l’éthique de la fin et des moyens varie selon les positions politiques de ceux qui se posent en juges.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">3ème règle : En temps de guerre la fin justifie n’importe quel moyen.<br />
4ème règle : On ne doit jamais juger de l’éthique de la fin et des moyens en dehors du contexte dans lequel se passe l’action.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">5ème règle : Le souci de la morale de la fin et des moyens augmente avec le nombre de moyens disponibles et vice versa. &laquo;&nbsp;Pour moi (Saul Alinsky) la morale consiste à faire ce qui est le mieux pour le maximum de gens&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">6ème règle : On aura d’autant plus tendance à évaluer les critères moraux des moyens que la fin est moins importante.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">7ème règle : D’une façon générale, le succès ou l’échec constituent un facteur déterminant de la morale. C’est ce qui fait toute la différence entre le traître et le héros. Un traître qui réussit ça ne s’est jamais vu. S’il réussit ce n’est plus un traître mais un père fondateur.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">8ème règle : les critères moraux des moyens varient selon que ces derniers sont utilisés à une époque de défaite ou de victoire imminente. &laquo;&nbsp;Le même moyen employé à un moment où la victoire semble assurée peut être considéré comme immoral, alors qu’utilisé dans des circonstances désespérées, afin d’éviter le pire, la défaite, la question de moralité ne serait pas soulevée.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">9ème règle : Tout moyen qui s’avère efficace est automatiquement jugé immoral par l’opposition.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">10ème règle : Vous devez tirer le meilleur parti de ce que vous avez et habiller le tout d’un voile de moralité.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">11ème règle : Les objectifs définis doivent prendre la forme de slogans très concis et généraux. L’histoire est faite d’actions qui permettent à un objectif d’en déclencher un autre.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">2°. La formation de &laquo;&nbsp;l’organisateur &nbsp;&raquo; :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Liste types de qualités pour un bon organisateur :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Curiosité : La vie pour un organisateur est la recherche d’un plan d’ensemble, la recherche de ressemblances dans les différences apparentes, de différences dans les ressemblances apparentes, la recherche d’un ordre dans le désordre, la recherche d’un sens autour de lui, la recherche d’une façon de se situer par rapport à lui même, une recherche incessante.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Irrévérence : La curiosité et l’irrévérence vont de pair. L’homme curieux en arrive vite à demander &laquo;&nbsp;est-ce que tout ceci est vrai ?&nbsp;&raquo;. Pour celui qui pose des questions rien n’est sacré. Il hait le dogme et rejette toute définition catégorique de la morale qui n’en admettrait aucune autre. Il provoque, il agite, dérange, désacralise, bouscule.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Imagination : L’imagination est inséparable de la curiosité et de l’irrévérence. Pour l’organisateur l’imagination c’est le dynamisme qui le lance et le soutient dans toute son action. L’imagination produit l’étincelle du démarrage et entretient la force qui le pousse à organiser en vue du changement. Mais ce n’est pas seulement l’énergie qui permet à l’organisateur d’organiser, c’est aussi la base de l’efficacité dans l’action et dans la tactique. Pour évaluer et anticiper de façon réaliste les réactions probables de l’ennemi, il doit être capable de se mettre dans sa peau et d’imaginer ce qu’il ferait à sa place.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sens de l’humour : L’organisateur qui cherche avec un esprit libre et ouvert, qui ne connaît pas la certitude, qui hait le dogme, trouve dans le rire, non seulement une façon de garder l’esprit sain, mais également une clé qui lui permet de comprendre la vie. Pour un tacticien, l’humour est un élément essentiel de succès car les armes les plus puissantes du monde sont la satire et le ridicule. Le sens de l’humour permet de garder une juste perspective des choses et de prendre la réalité pour ce qu’elle est, une pincée de poussière qui brûle en l’espace d’une seconde.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Pressentiment d’un monde meilleur : Le travail d’un organisateur consiste essentiellement en menues tâches répétitives et ennuyeuses. Si on compare ce qu’il fait à l’ensemble de l’œuvre dans laquelle il est engagé, sa part est plutôt mince. Ce qui lui permet de continuer c’est qu’il entrevoit la grande &laquo;&nbsp;fresque&nbsp;&raquo; qu’avec d’autres il est en train de créer. Chaque morceau est essentiel.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Une personnalité organisée : L’organisateur doit être bien organisé lui-même pour se sentir à l’aise dans une situation désorganisée, et il doit être rationnel au milieu des irrationalités qui l’entourent. A de rares exceptions près, on s’appuie sur de mauvaises raisons pour faire le bien. C’est perdre son temps que d’exiger que l’on fasse le bien pour de bonnes raisons, c’est se battre contre des moulins à vent. Il lui faut donc chercher à utiliser les mauvaises raisons qu’on a d’agir, pour parvenir au bon résultat. Il doit pouvoir se servir de ce qui est irrationnel pour tâcher d’avancer vers un monde rationnel.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Une schizophrénie politique bien intégrée : L’organisateur doit se faire schizophrène, politiquement parlant, afin de ne pas se laisser prendre totalement au jeu. Avant de pouvoir passer à l’action, l’homme doit pouvoir se polariser sur une question. Il agira quand il sera convaincu que sa cause est à cent pour cent du côté des bons et que ses opposants sont à cent pour cent du côté des méchants. Il sait, l’organisateur, que l’on ne passera pas à l’action si les problèmes ne sont pas polarisés de cette façon. Ainsi l’organisateur doit se dédoubler. D’un côté, l’action où il s’engage prend tout son champ de vision, il a raison à cent pour cent, le reste égale zéro. Il jette toutes ses troupes dans la bataille. Mais il sait qu’au moment de négocier il lui faudra tenir compte à quatre vingt-dix pour cent du reste. Il a deux consciences en lui et elles doivent vivre en harmonie. Seule un personne organisée peut à la fois se diviser et rester unifiée.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ego : La trame de toutes ces qualités souhaitées chez un organisateur est un ego très fort, très solide. L’ego est la certitude absolue qu’a l’organisateur de pouvoir faire ce qu’il pense devoir faire et de réussir dans la tâche qu’il a entreprise. Un organisateur doit accepter sans crainte, ni anxiété, que les chances ne soient jamais de son bord. Fort de cet ego il est un homme d’action qui agit. L’idée de se dérober ne fait jamais long feu chez lui. La vie est action.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Un esprit libre et ouvert, une relativité politique : Toutes les qualités citées auparavant donnent une souplesse. S’étant forgé une personnalité forte, l’organisateur peut se passer de la sécurité qu’apportent les idéologies ou les solutions miracles. Il sait que la vie est une quête perpétuelle d’incertitudes et la seule certitude est que la vie est incertitude. Il faut vivre avec cela. Il sait que toutes les valeurs sont relatives, dans un monde où tout est relatif, y compris la politique. Equipé de ces qualités, il a peu de chances de tourner au cynisme ou à la désillusion, car il n’a pas d’illusion. Enfin, l’organisateur est constamment en train de créer : il crée du nouveau à partir du vieux et sait que les nouvelles idées ne peuvent naître que d’un conflit. L’œuvre de création est à ses yeux ce qui donne le sens le plus profond de la vie. Sans cesse tendu vers la nouveauté, il se sent incapable de supporter ce qui se répète, ce qui est immuable. C’est la différence essentielle entre le chef et l’organisateur. Le chef aspire au pouvoir, l’organisateur cherche à créer du pouvoir pour permettre aux autres de s’en servir.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">3°. Les tactiques de l’organisateur :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">1° règle : le pouvoir n’est pas seulement ce que vous avez, mais également ce que l’ennemi croit que vous avez.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">2° règle : ne sortez jamais du champ d’expérience de vos gens.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">3° règle : sortez du champ d’expérience de l’ennemi chaque fois que c’est possible. Car chez lui c’est la crainte, la confusion, l’abandon que vous voulez provoquer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">4° règle : mettre l’ennemi au pied du mur de ses propres déclarations morales.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">5° règle : le ridicule est l’arme la plus puissante dont l’homme dispose.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">6° règle : une tactique est bonne si vos gens ont du plaisir à l’appliquer.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">7° règle : une tactique qui traîne trop en longueur devient pesante</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">8° règle : maintenir la pression</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">9° règle : la menace effraie généralement davantage que l’action elle-même.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">10° règle : le principe fondamental d’une tactique, c’est de faire en sorte que les événements évoluent de façon à maintenir, sur l’opposition, une pression permanente qui provoquera ses réactions.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">11° règle : en poussant suffisamment loin un handicap on en fait finalement un atout</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">12° règle : une attaque ne peut réussir que si vous avez une solution de rechange toute prête et constructive. Vous ne pouvez vous laisser prendre au piège par l’ennemi qui brusquement virerait de bord et accepterait de satisfaire à vos revendications en vous disant :&nbsp;&raquo;nous ne savons pas comment régler ce problème dites-nous comment faire&nbsp;&raquo;.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">13° règle : Il faut choisir sa cible, la figer, la personnaliser et polariser sur elle au maximum.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Eléments de conclusion :</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La première tâche de l’organisateur c’est de raviver l’espoir c’est à dire communiquer les moyens et les tactiques qui donneront aux gens le sentiment qu’ils détiennent les instruments du pouvoir et qu’ils peuvent désormais faire quelque chose.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Les sociétés doivent désormais oublier toutes les inepties qu’elles ont pu dire sur le secteur privé. Non seulement parce que les contrats gouvernementaux et les affectations des fonds du gouvernement ont depuis longtemps franchi la ligne de démarcation entre le secteur privé et le secteur public mais également parce que tous les américains et toutes les sociétés américaines appartiennent aussi bien au secteur privé qu’au secteur public ; &laquo;&nbsp;public&nbsp;&raquo; , en ce sens que nous sommes américains et concernés par le bien-être national. Nous avons tous un double devoir, et les sociétés devraient bien le reconnaître dés maintenant si elles veulent survivre. La pauvreté, la discrimination, la maladie, la criminalité, doivent, tout autant que les profits, faire partie de leurs soucis.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Ed. Seuil Coll. Points. 247p.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Edité en 1976 en français (épuisé)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>COMPLEMENT:</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/243654/saul-alinsky-complicated-rebel-ronald-radosh"><strong>Saul Alinsky: A Complicated Rebel</strong></a><br />
Nicholas von Hoffman&rsquo;s new book complicates a right-wing caricature.By Ronald Radosh</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">National Review</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">August 11, 2010</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Radical: A Portrait of Saul Alinsky by Nicholas von Hoffman (Nation Books, 237 pp., $26.95)<br />
Nicholas von Hoffman’s short, breezy, and informative sketch of Saul Alinsky — and of the decade he spent with him working as a community organizer — offers us a very different take on the legendary activist than the narrative we are accustomed to. This is especially the case for those conservatives who consider Alinsky close to the devil. Alinsky made the comparison himself, invoking Lucifer, along with Thomas Paine and Rabbi Hillel, in the epigraphs to his classic, bestselling 1971 guide, Rules for Radicals: A Pragmatic Primer for Realistic Radicals. As Alinsky put it, clearly facetiously, Lucifer was “the very first radical . . . who rebelled against the establishment,” and who was so effective “that he . . . won his own kingdom.” But the reality of Alinsky and his work was significantly different from what this tongue-in-cheek self-presentation — and, a fortiori, today’s conservative attacks on Alinsky — would have us believe. He was not a radical believer in Big Government, and he probably would have had serious problems with Barack Obama’s agenda.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky became famous by organizing ethnic workers in the old Chicago stockyards from 1939 to the end of the 1950s, where he created the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council as the vehicle to organize them. Because of his work, von Hoffman notes, “what had been an area of ramshackle, near-slum housing tilting this way and that had been rebuilt into a model working-class community of neat bungalow homes.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Candidly, von Hoffman adds that Alinsky did not challenge the neighborhood’s pattern of segregation, which had “become an impregnable fortification of whites-only exclusionism.” Back in 1919, these same workers played a part in the famous 1919 Chicago-area race riots, in which 500 people, most of them black, were wounded and 38 killed. Alinsky did manage to obtain permission for blacks to have unmolested passage through the Back of the Yards as they were on their way to other places — which seems little by today’s standards, but, as von Hoffman notes, was a major accomplishment then.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">As for the Neighborhood Council’s funding, it came not from government largesse, but from — of all things — the illegal-gambling activities of Alinsky’s partner, Joe Meegan. This spoke to Alinsky’s longstanding friendly relations with gangsters, thugs, and the organized-crime syndicates. That source of funding meant that any pressure from government to end racial exclusion would come to naught. Moreover, Alinsky’s belief that the people had to determine their own destiny meant, for him, that if the people wanted an all-white community, they should not be challenged on the matter. Although he wanted integration, and hoped that he could select and induce a few middle-class black families to buy homes in the Back of the Yards neighborhood and then convince whites to accept them, his partner Meegan nixed the idea. “Even public discussion of a Negro family,” von Hoffman writes, “would have the same effect as news that the bubonic plague was loose.” Even fair-minded whites in the area believed that blacks’ moving in meant “slumification, crime, bad schools, and punishing drops in real-estate values,” and hence the simple idea of an interracial neighborhood “would destroy the community and the council.” Alinsky’s code of loyalty to the Back of the Yards Council came before his personal opposition to segregation. (As von Hoffman rationalizes it, “the leaders behind the whites-only policy were his friends.”) The people pursued a policy he abhorred; and he had no choice but to stand with the people.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">An even more surprising revelation is that Alinsky admired Sen. Barry Goldwater, whose libertarian objections to the proposed 1964 civil-rights act he shared. Countervailing power from organizations, not decisions made by courts, Alinsky thought, was the only way to achieve permanent change. Thus, von Hoffman tells us, “he was less than enthusiastic about much civil-rights legislation,” and during Goldwater’s run for the presidency, he had at least one secret meeting with the conservative senator, during which they discussed Lyndon Johnson’s civil-rights proposal. “Saul,” von Hoffman writes, “shared the conservative misgivings about the mischief such laws could cause if abused,” but would not publicly oppose the bill, since he had no better idea to propose in its place.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky also opposed Martin Luther King Jr.’s attempted march in Chicago in 1965, criticizing King for not building a “stable, disciplined, mass-based power organization.” He saw King as a man without local roots, who did not know the community, and who did not have any idea about how to organize it. Von Hoffman writes that King led “a little army stranded inside a vast and hostile terrain,” whose efforts “accomplished nothing except to reinforce the perception” that King “was an outsider.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">But what did Alinsky think about the other major liberal ideas of the time — for example, Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society program, or Robert F. Kennedy’s program for the poor? According to David Horowitz, the conservative activist and author — in his very influential pamphlet “Barack Obama’s Rules for Revolution: The Alinsky Model” — Alinsky’s radical organizers had a responsibility to work “within the system.” They did not follow the path advocated by the New Left, who preferred to utter meaningless calls for “revolution.” Thus, Horowitz writes, they “infiltrated the War on Poverty, made alliances with the Kennedys and the Democratic Party, and secured funds from the federal government. Like termites, they set about to eat away at the foundations of the building in expectation that one day they could cause it to collapse.” While the New Left created riots like that at the Chicago Democratic convention in 1968, “Alinsky’s organizers were insinuating themselves into Johnson’s War on Poverty program and directing federal funds into their own organizations and causes.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">According to von Hoffman, though, Alinsky had nothing but contempt for activists who gladly took money from the government, and hence his own group did not work within or for the government’s War on Poverty programs. Writes von Hoffman:</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Although Alinsky is described as some kind of liberal left-winger[,] in actuality big government worried him. He had no use for President Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society with its War on Poverty. He used to say that if Washington was going to spend that kind of dough the government might as well station people on the ghetto street corners and hand out hundred-dollar bills to the passing pedestrians. For him governmental action was the last resort, not the ideal one.<br />
Moreover, according to von Hoffman, Alinsky also opposed putting community organizers on the government payroll, as Bobby Kennedy sought to do, since “it made an independent civil life next to impossible.” It also created the conditions by which any administration could use their work for “social and political control.” It would “stifle independent action,” and possibly turn paid organizers “into police spies.” As von Hoffman sees his mentor, Alinsky opposed not only big government, but also large corporations and big labor. What he wanted was not revolution — despite his radical rhetoric meant to appeal to the New Left — but “democratic organizations which could pose countervailing power against modern bureaucracies.” Thus, in von Hoffman’s view, Saul Alinsky was a radical, but a Tory radical or a radical conservative: a man with a libertarian sensibility who supported all the little men fighting against any large structure, whether it was the government, a corporation, or organized labor.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In today’s America, conservatives have paid a great deal of attention to what was — until its recent demise after a series of scandals — the largest and most successful community organization, ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now). Critics have accused the group of electoral fraud, of shakedowns of large banking and manufacturing firms, and of helping to create the housing bubble by fighting to have community banks grant loans to those who had no way to pay them back. Many of the critics claim that the organization, formed in 1970, was inspired by Alinsky’s methods and concepts — but Alinsky had nothing to do with its founding.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">This is an important issue, because the great interest Alinsky has for commentators today stems largely from his reputed influence on Barack Obama. One often hears critics of President Obama’s policies proclaim that he is acting “straight out of the Alinsky playbook.” Because Obama was a community organizer for a brief time before going to law school, many people have assumed that, as a disciple of Saul Alinsky, he was committed thereafter to apply Alinsky’s principles as a guide for whatever position he held in life. Many therefore assume that he is now acting on them as president.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">It is true that Obama’s mentors were trained by Alinsky’s organization. In re­searching a piece for The New Republic in 2007, Ryan Lizza spoke to Gregory Galluzzo, one of the three men who instructed Obama when he became a community organizer. Galluzzo told Lizza that many organizers would start as idealists, and that he urged them to become realists and not be averse to Alinsky’s candid advocacy of gaining power, since “power is good” and “powerlessness is evil.” Galluzzo taught Obama that people have to be organized according to their self-interest, and not on the basis of what Obama himself has characterized as “pie-in-the-sky idealism.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In 1992, Obama famously worked for a voter-registration group called Project Vote, which was an ACORN partner, and helped Carol Moseley Braun defeat an incumbent U.S. senator in the 1992 Democratic primary. A few years later, Lizza reported, Obama became ACORN’s attorney, and won a decision forcing Illinois to implement the Motor Voter Law, with what the Wall Street Journal’s John Fund called “loose voter-registration requirements that would later be exploited by ACORN employees in an effort to flood voter rolls with fake names.” Obama cited ACORN first on a list he composed in 1996 of key supporters for his campaign for the state senate.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">So Obama’s association with ACORN was real, and close. This, combined with the fact that Obama taught Alinsky’s methods when he worked with community organizers, has led many to assume that Alinsky himself approved of ACORN. Von Hoffman, however, challenges this notion. He writes: “[ACORN’s] cheekiness, truculence, and imaginative tactical tropes have an Alinskyan touch but the organization’s handling of money, embezzlement, and nepotism would have drawn his scorn. Nor would he have been comfortable with the large amounts of government money flowing into the organization.” (Emphasis added.) This conclusion is essentially confirmed by the activist and writer John Atlas, whose new pro-ACORN book, Seeds of Change: The Story of ACORN, explains that the group broke with the Alinsky model in a number of ways — most importantly, by applying for and receiving government contracts.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">According to von Hoffman, Alinsky had nothing but disdain for the New Left with which Obama was associated. He thought Bill Ayers was wedded to “petulant ego decision making,” as well as a “comic-book leftism whose principal feature was anger at a government which did not do as they bade it. Their foot-stamping anger and humiliation at their failures . . . made them believe they were justified in taking up violence.” He saw the Weather Underground as a group prone to tantrums and “Rumpelstiltskin politics.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky’s own approach had some major successes. In Rochester, N.Y., he got Eastman Kodak to agree to hire more blacks. In 1965, he had been approached by ministers from Rochester after Martin Luther King Jr. had turned down an overture from them. This in itself provides an interesting contrast with some of the activism of later times: Alinsky took action after he was asked to intervene by community ministers. This was quite different from the kind of shakedown associated in more recent years with Rev. Jesse Jackson and Rev. Al Sharpton, the kind in which large corporations fill an organization’s coffers with money in exchange for a hands-off agreement.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Yet, even in the Rochester fight, Alinsky’s methods often appeared rather comical, and it is rather hard to believe that they were taken seriously. According to von Hoffman, what Alinsky proposed, and scared the city’s elite with, was a scheduled “fart-in” at the Kodak-sponsored Rochester Symphony. He planned to gather black activists — for whom concert tickets had been bought — for a pre-concert dinner made up exclusively of baked beans. This would be his substitute for sit-ins and picket lines. Alinsky called it a “flatulent blitzkrieg,” and the result of this threat (along with other tactics, including the use of proxies at stockholder meetings) evidently was a settlement in which the city fathers agreed to the demands. In Chicago, he threatened a “piss-in” at O’Hare Airport, which immediately led the city to the bargaining table. That such juvenile tactics worked perhaps says more about the fears of the politicians than the genius of Alinsky.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alinsky had some impressive backers. Among them was the old giant of the mine workers’ union, John L. Lewis, who advised him and supported him. (Like Lewis, he used Communists as orga­nizers on his staff. He disdained the Communist Party and its Marxist and pro-Soviet positions, and regarded its members as “servants of an antidemo­cratic foreign power” — but because he valued the organizing skill of individual Communists, he hired them as staffers anyway.) He also bonded with key figures in the Catholic archdiocese of Chicago. The whites he sought to organize were mainly believing Catholics, and thus Alinsky became particularly close to Fr. John O’Grady, whom von Hoffman credits with doing away with clerically dominated local charities and replacing them with charities run by professionals from social-work schools in Catholic colleges and universities. Later, Alinsky became close to the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, with whom he regularly corresponded. He also befriended Cardinal Stritch and Fr. Jack Egan, who got the archdiocese to give him the money to launch organizing drives in the 1950s. This constituency is hardly what one thinks of as a force for social revolution in America.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">So what were Alinsky’s goals in the end? Von Hoffman does not really answer this question, perhaps because Alinsky never did. Before people decide whether Saul Alinsky was a man with an actual revolutionary plan, they owe it to themselves to take into consideration von Hoffman’s contrary assessment of the father of community organizing.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">– Ronald Radosh, an adjunct fellow at the Hudson Institute and a blogger for PajamasMedia.com, is the author of Commies: A Journey through the Old Left, the New Left and the Leftover Left.</p>
<p><strong>Voir enfin:</strong></p>
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<p class="article-headline"><a href="https://newrepublic.com/article/61068/the-agitator-barack-obamas-unlikely-political-education"><strong>The Agitator</strong></a></p>
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<div class="author-list author-list-all author-list-inline"><span class="author-list-item">Ryan Lizza</span></div>
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<h5 class="article-date"><time datetime="2007-03-19">March 19, 2007</time></h5>
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<p>In 1985, Barack Obama traveled halfway across the country to take a job that he didn’t fully understand. But, while he knew little about this new vocation&#8211;community organizer&#8211;it still had a romantic ring, at least to his 24- year-old ears. With his old classmates from Columbia, he had talked frequently about political change.Now, he was moving to Chicago to put that talk into action. His 1995 memoir, D<i>reams from My Father</i>, recounts his idealistic effusions: “Change won’t come from the top, I would say. Change will come from a mobilized grass roots. That’s what I’ll do. I’ll organize black folks. At the grass roots. For change.”</p>
<p>His excitement wasn’t rooted merely in youthful enthusiasm but also in the psychology of a vagabond. By 1985, Obama had already lived in Hawaii, where he was born and raised by his white mother and grandparents; Indonesia, where he lived briefly as a child; Los Angeles, where he started college; and New York, where he finished it. After these itinerant years, he would finally be able to insinuate himself into a community&#8211;and not just any community, but,as he later put it, “the capital of the African American community in the country.” Every strain of black political thought seemed to converge in Chicago in the 1980s. It was the intellectual center of black nationalism, the base both for Jesse Jackson’s presidential campaigns and for Louis Farrakhan’s Nation of Islam. Moreover, on the eve of Obama’s arrival, Harold Washington had overthrown Richard J. Daley’s white ethnic machine to become the city’s first black mayor. It was, in short, an ideal place for an identity-starved Kenyan Kansan to immerse himself in a more typical black American experience.</p>
<p>Not long after Obama arrived, he sat down for a cup of coffee in Hyde Park with a fellow organizer named Mike Kruglik. Obama’s work focused on helping poor blacks on Chicago’s South Side fight thecity for things like job banks and asbestos removal. His teachers were schooled in a style of organizing devised by Saul Alinsky, the radical University of Chicago-trained social scientist. At the heart of the Alinsky method is the concept of “agitation”&#8211; making someone angry enough about the rotten state of his life that heagrees to take action to change it; or, as Alinsky himself described the job, to “rub raw the sores of discontent.”</p>
<p>On this particular evening, Kruglik was debriefing Obama about his work when a panhandler approached. Instead of ignoring the man,Obama confronted him. “Now, young man, is that really what you want be about?” Obama demanded. “I mean, come on, don’t you want to be better than that? Let’s get yourself together.”</p>
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<p>Kruglik remembers this episode as an example of why, in ten years of training organizers, Obama was the best student he ever had. He was a natural, the undisputed master of agitation, who could engage a room full of recruiting targets in a rapid-fire Socratic dialogue,nudging them to admit that they were not living up to their own standards. As with the panhandler, he could be aggressive and confrontational. With probing, sometimes personal questions, he would pinpoint the source of pain in their lives, tearing down their egos just enough before dangling a carrot of hope that they could make things better.</p>
<p>More than 20 years later, Obama presents himself as a post-partisan consensus builder, not a rabble-rouser, and certainly not a disciple of Alinsky, who disdained electoral politics and titled his organizing manifesto Rules for Radicals. On the stump, Obama makes a pitch for “common-sense, practical, nonideological solutions.”And, although he’s anchored to a center-left worldview, he gives the impression of being above the ideological fray&#8211;a fresh face who is a generation removed from the polarizing turmoil of the1960s. The mirror he holds up is invariably flattering&#8211;reflecting back a tolerant, forward-looking electorate ready to unite around his consensus-minded brand of politics. Indeed, if there has been a knock on Obama’s campaign in these early days, it’s that it may be a bit too idealistic for the realities of a presidential race. With his lofty rhetoric and careful positioning as above politics, Obama in some ways recalls Bill Bradley, another candidate of moral purity&#8211;and one whose unwillingness to engage in the rough-and-tumble of modern politics ultimately proved his undoing.</p>
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<p>Yet Obama connects his past as a Chicago organizer to his presidential bid with surprising ease. Last month, during his first visit to South Carolina since his campaign announcement, we discussed his community-organizing days. He sat at the head of along table inside a dimly lit hotel conference room in Columbia and ate a chocolate energy bar. When I began to suggest links between his organizing work then and his current campaign, he interrupted:”I think there is. I don’t think you need to strain for it.” He was at home talking Alinskian jargon about “agitation,” which he defined as “challenging people to scrape away habit,” and he fondly recalled organizing workshops where he learned the concept of”being predisposed to other people’s power.”</p>
<p>Publicly, as well, Obama has made his organizing days central to his political identity. When he announced his candidacy for president last month, he said the “best education” he ever had was not his undergraduate years at Occidental and Columbia or even his time at Harvard Law School, but rather the four years he spent in the mid-’80s learning the science of community organizing in Chicago.The night after Obama’s announcement speech, he made a similar point on “60 Minutes” as he led Steve Kroft around the old neighborhood.</p>
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<p>Obama’s self-conception as an organizer isn’t just a campaign gimmick. Organizing remained central to Obama long after his stint on the South Side. In the 13 years between Obama’s return to Chicago from law school and his Senate campaign, he was deeply involved with the city’s constellation of community- organizing groups. He wrote about the subject. He attended organizing seminars. He served on the boards of foundations that support community organizing. He taught Alinsky’s concepts and methods in workshops. When he first ran for office in 1996, he pledged to bring the spirit of community organizing to his job in the state Senate. And, after he was elected to the U.S. Senate, his wife,Michelle, told a reporter, “Barack is not a politician first and foremost. He’s a community activist exploring the viability of politics to make change.” Recalling her remark in 2005, Obama wrote, “I take that observation as a compliment.”</p>
<p>By defining himself as a “community organizer” above all else, Obama is linking himself to America’s radical democratic tradition and presenting himself as an heir to a particular political style and methodology that, at least superficially, contrasts sharply with the candidate Obama has become. Community organizers see themselves as disciples of Thomas Paine and the colonists who dumped tea in Boston Harbor. Historically, they have revered the tactics of the labor militants of the 1930s, and they became famous in the ‘60sfor the political theater championed by Alinsky, illustrated most memorably by his threat of a “fart-in” at a Rochester, New York,opera house to bring attention to the Kodak company’s refusal to hire blacks.</p>
<p>Needless to say, this doesn’t sound much like the placid politician who wrote The Audacity of Hope. And it raises questions about Obama’s authentic political identity that require traveling back to the years when community organizing gave him the best education of his life.</p>
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<p><strong>A year after</strong> graduating from Columbia, Obama spotted an intriguing help-wanted ad in The New York Times. The Calumet Community Religious Conference (CCRC), a group that aimed to convert the black churches of Chicago’s South Side into agents of social change, was looking for a community organizer to run the group’s inner-city arm, the Developing Communities Project (DCP). Obama soon arranged to meet in New York with the organizer heading up the job search.</p>
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<p>Obama had spent the previous year on a fruitless quest. He worked briefly for a Ralph Nader outfit in Harlem teaching college kids about recycling and then on a losing assemblyman’s race in Brooklyn. But he longed for an experience that connected him to the civil rights era. “In the sit-ins, the marches, the jailhouse songs,” he wrote in Dreams, “I saw the African-American community becoming more than just the place where you’d been born or the house where you’d been raised. Through organizing, through shared sacrifice, membership had been earned.” Obama wanted to join the club.</p>
<p>“What really inspired me,” Obama told me during one of several conversations about his work as an organizer, “was the civil rights movement. And if you asked me who my role model was at that time,it would probably be Bob Moses, the famous SNCC [Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee] organizer. &#8230; Those were the folks I was really inspired by&#8211;the John Lewises, the Bob Moseses, the Fannie Lou Hamers, the Ella Bakers.”</p>
<p>Instead, he got Gerald Kellman, a Jewish organizer in a rumpled,tea-stained shirt. While Obama was in search of an authentic African American experience, Kellman was simply in search of an authentic African American. His organization worked in black neighborhoods decimated by the shuttering of economic behemoths like U.S. Steel, agitating the unemployed to demand jobs and safer streets. But, for all the anger and poverty in these places, Kellman and his comrades couldn’t break through. Because he and his fellow organizers, Mike Kruglik and Gregory Galluzzo, were white(and two of the three were Jewish), the black pastors viewed them with suspicion and, in some cases, outright disdain. Kellman, who had paid what he considered a small fortune for the Times ad,desperately needed a young black man to give the group credibility.</p>
<p>The job with the DCP allowed Obama entree into the poor black neighborhoods with which he was so eager to connect. But serving as the black representative for a trio of white organizers wasn’t exactly the community-organizing fantasy he had in mind. Rather, as Obama says today, “This was the closest I could find. “ Kellman, Kruglik, and Galluzzo weren’t schooled in civil rights-era organizing, but in the teachings of Alinsky, who distrusted movement politics and even Martin Luther King Jr. But, although Obama didn’t quite find himself reliving the civil rights era, he soon found himself succumbing to the appeal of Alinsky’s organizing methodology.</p>
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<p>In Dreams, Obama spent some 150 pages on his four years in Chicago working as an organizer, but there’s little discussion of the theory that undergirded his work and informed that of his teachers. Alinsky is the missing layer of his account.</p>
<p>Born in 1909 to Russian-Jewish immigrants, Alinsky had prowled the same neighborhoods that Obama now worked and internalized many of the same lessons. As a University of Chicago criminology graduate student, he ingratiated himself with Al Capone’s mobsters to learn all he could about the dynamics of the city’s underworld, an experience that helped foster a lifelong appreciation for seeing the world as it actually exists, rather than through the academic’s idealized prism. Charming and self-absorbed, Alinsky would entertain friends with stories&#8211;some true, many embellished&#8211;from his mob days for decades afterward. He was profane, outspoken, and narcissistic, always the center of attention despite his tweedy,academic look and thick, horn-rimmed glasses.</p>
<p>Alinsky was deeply influenced by the great social science insight of his times, one developed by his professors at Chicago: that the pathologies of the urban poor were not hereditary but environmental. This idea, that people could change their lives by changing their surroundings, led him to take an obscure social science phrase&#8211;”the community organization”&#8211;and turn it into, in the words of Alinsky biographer Sanford Horwitt, “something controversial, important, even romantic.” His starting point was an early fascination with John L. Lewis, the great labor leader and founder of the CIO. What if, Alinsky wondered, the same hardheaded tactics used by unions could be applied to the relationship between citizens and public officials?</p>
<p>To test his theory, Alinsky left the world of academia in the 1930sand set up shop in Chicago’s meatpacking neighborhood, the “Back of the Yards”&#8211;the same wretched, multiethnic enclave that Upton Sinclair had chronicled three decades earlier in The Jungle. He created the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, which won a succession of victories against businesses and decreased crime,while increasing cooperation between rival ethnic groups. The results were impressive enough that they were celebrated far beyond Chicago in newspaper stories with headlines like, “they called him a ‘red,’ but young sociologist did the job.”</p>
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<p>Alinsky had been dead for more than a decade when Obama arrived in Chicago, but his legacy was still very much alive. Kruglik, Kellman, and Galluzzo had all studied his teachings through the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), the organizing school Alinsky founded. By the ‘80s, not even the IAF strictly adhered to every principle that Alinsky taught. But at least one of Obama’s teachers considered himself a true believer: “I regard myself as St. Paul who never met Jesus,” Galluzzo told me of Alinsky, who died shortly after Galluzzo moved to Chicago on a pilgrimage to meet him in1972. “I’m his best disciple.” Alinsky has attracted other, more famous admirers, including Hillary Clinton, who wrote an undergraduate thesis about him, a favorite bit of trivia for right-wingers.</p>
<p>But, while Alinsky is often viewed as an ideological figure&#8211;toward the end of his life, New Left radicals tried to claim him as one of their own&#8211;to place Alinsky within a taxonomy of left-wing politics is to miss the point. His legacy is less ideological than methodological. Alinsky’s contribution to community organizing was to create a set of rules, a clear-eyed and systemic approach that ordinary citizens can use to gain public power. The first and most fundamental lesson Obama learned was to reassess his understanding of power. Horwitt says that, when Alinsky would ask new students why they wanted to organize, they would invariably respond with selfless bromides about wanting to help others. Alinsky would then scream back at them that there was a one- word answer: “You want to organize for power!”</p>
<p>Galluzzo shared with me the manual he uses to train new organizers,which is little different from the version he used to train Obama in the ‘80s. It is filled with workshops and chapter headings on understanding power: “power analysis,” “elements of a power organization,” “the path to power.” Galluzzo told me that many new trainees have an aversion to Alinsky’s gritty approach because they come to organizing as idealists rather than realists. But Galluzzo’s manual instructs them to get over these hang-ups. “We are not virtuous by not wanting power,” it says. “We are really cowards for not wanting power,” because “power is good” and “powerlessness is evil.”</p>
<p>The other fundamental lesson Obama was taught is Alinsky’s maxim that self- interest is the only principle around which to organize people. (Galluzzo’s manual goes so far as to advise trainees in block letters: “get rid of do- gooders in your church and your organization.”) Obama was a fan of Alinsky’s realistic streak. “The key to creating successful organizations was making sure people’s self-interest was met,” he told me, “and not just basing it on pie-in- the-sky idealism. So there were some basic principles that remained powerful then, and in fact I still believe in.”</p>
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<p>Chicago pastors still remember Obama making the rounds of local churches and conducting interviews&#8211;in organizing lingo,”one-on-ones”&#8211;where he would probe for self-interest. The Reverend Alvin Love, the Baptist minister of a modest brick church amid the clapboard bungalows of the South Side, was one of Obama’s first one-on-ones. During a recent visit to his church, Love told me, “I remember he said this to me: ‘There ought to be some way for us to help you meet your self-interest while at the same time meeting the real interests and the needs of the community.’”</p>
<p>Obama so mastered the workshops on power that he later taught them himself. On his campaign website, one can find a photo of Obama in a classroom teaching students Alinskian methods. He stands in front of a blackboard on which he has written, “Power Analysis” and”Relationships Built on Self Interest,” an idea illustrated by a diagram of the flow of money from corporations to the mayor.</p>
<p>But, although he was a first-class student of Alinsky’s method, Obama also saw its limits. It appealed to his head but not his heart. For instance, Alinsky relished baiting politicians or low-level bureaucrats into public meetings where they would be humiliated. Obama found these “accountability sessions” unsettling,even cruel. “Oftentimes, these elected officials didn’t have that much more power than the people they represented,” he told me.</p>
<p>At one meeting, where residents of an asbestos-laden housing project confronted their property manager about whether their homes had been tested, Obama suddenly had the urge to warn his target. “I wanted to somehow let Mr. Anderson know that I understood his dilemma,”Obama wrote in Dreams, with the kind of empathy that is the hallmark of his autobiography. He was sometimes more interested in connecting with folks on the South Side than organizing them. He studied the characters he encountered so closely that Kruglik says Obama turned his field reports into short stories about the hope sand struggles of the local pastors and congregants with whom he was trying to commune.</p>
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<p>Where some of Alinsky’s disciples speak of his work with religious fervor, Obama maintained some detachment during these years. In his memoir, he gently mocked Marty Kauffman, the character based on Kellman (and a touch of Kruglik), who is a little too clinical inhis approach and never puts down any roots in the community. “[I]t occurred to me that he’d made no particular attachments to people or place during his three years in the area, that whatever human warmth or connection he might require came from elsewhere,” he wrote. Obama was determined not to end up like that. He needed something more than organizing theory to make the South Side his home.</p>
<p>As it was, he ran into the same roadblock as his trainers had.”Obama,” Galluzzo told me, “was constantly being harassed by people saying, ‘Oh, you work for that white person.’” On one occasion, he eagerly tried to make his pitch about joining DCP to a Reverend Smalls. Smalls wasn’t interested. “I think I remember some white man coming around talking about some developing something or other,” he told Obama. “Funny-looking guy. Jewish name.” His hostility only grew when Obama explained that Catholic priests were also involved. “Listen &#8230; what’s your name again? Obamba?” Smalls asked without waiting for an answer. “Listen, Obamba, you may mean well. I’m sure you do. But the last thing we need is to join up with a bunch of white money and Catholic churches and Jewish organizers to solve our problems.” Obama left the meeting crestfallen.</p>
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<p><strong>On a Sunday</strong> morning two weeks before he launches his presidential campaign, Obama is at Trinity United Church of Christ on the South Side, gently swaying from side to side under a giant iron cross.From the outside, the church looks more like a fortress than a house of worship, with high whitewashed brick walls topped with security cameras. Inside, Trinity is the sort of African American community that the young Obama longed to connect with when he first came to Chicago. The church’s motto is “unashamedly black and unapologetically Christian,” and sunlight streams through stained glass windows depicting the life of a black Jesus. The Reverend Doctor Jeremiah A. Wright Jr., Trinity’s pastor since 1972, flies a red, black, and green flag near his altar and often preaches in adashiki. He has spent decades writing about the African roots ofChristianity, partly as a way to convince young blacks tempted byIslam that Christianity is not “a white man’s religion.”</p>
<p>On this particular Sunday, the sea of black worshippers is dotted with a few white folks up in the balcony, clutching copies of The Audacity of Hope they’ve brought for Obama’s book-signing later. Obama, sitting in the third row with his wife and two daughters, Malia and Natasha, stands, claps, prays, and sways along with the rest of the congregation. During the sermon, he watches the preacher carefully and writes notes. When asked by Wright to say a few words, Obama grabs the microphone and stands. “I love you all,”he says. “It’s good to be back home.” The 150-person choir breaks into a chorus of “Barack, Hallelujah! Barack, Hallelujah!”</p>
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<p>This adulation is a far cry from how Obama was received by Wright when they first met in the mid-’80s, during Obama’s initial round of one-on-ones. Like Smalls, Wright was unimpressed. “They were going to bring all different denominations together to have this grassroots movement,” explained Wright, a white-haired man with a goatee and a booming voice. “I looked at him and I said, ‘Do you know what Joseph’s brother said when they saw him coming across the field?’” Obama said he didn’t. “I said, ‘Behold the dreamer! You’re dreaming if you think you are going to do that.’”</p>
<p>From Wright and others, Obama learned that part of his problem as an organizer was that he was trying to build a confederation of churches but wasn’t showing up in the pews on Sunday. When pastors asked him the inevitable questions about his own spiritual life,Obama would duck them uncomfortably. A Reverend Philips put the problem to him squarely when he learned that Obama didn’t attend services. “It might help your mission if you had a church home,” he told Obama. “It doesn’t matter where, really. What you’re asking from pastors requires us to set aside some of our more priestly concerns in favor of prophesy. That requires a good deal of faith on our part. It makes us want to know just where you’re getting yours from.”</p>
<p>After many lectures like this, Obama decided to take a second look at Wright’s church. Older pastors warned him that Trinity was for “Buppies”&#8211;black urban professionals&#8211;and didn’t have enough street cred. But Wright was a former Muslim and black nationalist who had studied at Howard and Chicago, and Trinity’s guiding principles&#8211;what the church calls the “Black Value System”&#8211;included a “Disavowal of the Pursuit of ‘Middleclassness.’”</p>
<p>The crosscurrents appealed to Obama. He came to believe that the church could not only compensate for the limitations of Alinsky-style organizing but could help answer the nagging identity problem he had come to Chicago to solve. “It was a powerful program, this cultural community,” he wrote, “one more pliant than simple nationalism, more sustaining than my own brand of organizing.”</p>
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<p>As a result, over the years, Wright became not only Obama’s pastor,but his mentor. The title of Obama’s recent book, The Audacity of Hope, is based on a sermon by Wright. (It’s worth noting, however,that, while Obama’s book is a cool headed appeal for common ground in an age of political polarization, Wright’s sermon, “The Audacity to Hope,” is a fiery jeremiad about persevering in a world of nuclear arms and racial inequality.) Wright is one of the first people Obama thanked after his Senate victory in 2004, and he recently name- checked Wright in his speech to civil rights leaders in Selma, Alabama.</p>
<p>The church also helped Obama develop politically. It provided him with new insights about getting people to act, or agitating, that his organizing pals didn’t always understand. “It’s true that the notion of self-interest was critical,” Obama told me. “But Alinsky understated the degree to which people’s hopes and dreams and their ideals and their values were just as important in organizing as people’s self-interest.” He continued, “Sometimes the tendency in community organizing of the sort done by Alinsky was to downplay the power of words and of ideas when in fact ideas and words are pretty powerful. ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, all men a recreated equal.’ Those are just words. ‘I have a dream.’ Just words.But they help move things. And I think it was partly that understanding that probably led me to try to do something similar in different arenas.”</p>
<p><strong>In 1995, Obama</strong> shocked his old friend Jean Rudd by telling her he wanted to run for the state Senate. Back in 1985, Rudd, then working at the Woods Fund&#8211;a Chicago foundation that gives grants for community organizing&#8211;had provided Kellman with his original$25,000 to hire Obama. When Obama returned to Chicago to practice law, he joined the board of Rudd’s foundation. Now he was going to the other side. “That’s a switch!” she told him. Obama insisted that nothing would change. “Oh no,” he said, according to Rudd. “I’m going to use the same skills as a community organizer.”</p>
<p>In fact, Obama had already been applying Alinsky’s core concepts&#8211;rigorous analysis of an opponent’s strengths, a hardheaded understanding of self- interest as a fundamental organizing principle, a knack for agitating people to act, and a streetwise sense of when a raw show of power is necessary&#8211;to situations beyond the South Side. In 1988, Obama left Chicago for Harvard Law,where his greatest political victory was getting himself elected president of the law review. He did it by convincing a crucial swing bloc of conservatives that their self-interests would be protected by electing him. He built that trust during the same kind of long listening sessions he had made use of in the depressed neighborhoods of Chicago. “He didn’t get to be president of Harvard Law Review because he was first in his class,” said Richard Epstein,a colleague of Obama’s at the University of Chicago Law School,where Obama later taught. “He got it because people on the other side believed he would give them a fair shake.”</p>
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<p>Even at Harvard, Obama kept a foot in the world of organizing. He spent eight days in Los Angeles taking a national training course taught by the IAF, a station of the cross for Alinsky acolytes.And, after he returned to Chicago in 1991, he served on the boards of both the Woods Fund and the Joyce Foundation, which also gives grants to Alinsky-style groups, and continued to teach organizing workshops.</p>
<p>In 1992, he got a taste of the relationship between organizing and electoral politics when he led a voter registration drive that helped Carol Moseley Braun become the first black woman ever elected to the Senate. By 1995, he laid out his vision of the agitator-politician in an interview with the Chicago Reader: “What if a politician were to see his job as that of an organizer, as part teacher and part advocate, one who does not sell voters short but who educates them about the real choices before them? As an elected public official, for instance, I could bring church and community leaders together easier than I could as a community organizer or lawyer.”</p>
<p>This high-minded mission statement, however, obscures the real-world organizing skills that proved relevant to Obama’s political career.They surface in the story of his first campaign. Obama initially planned to inherit the seat of a much-admired incumbent named Alice Palmer, a fixture in South Side activist circles since the ‘60s.Palmer had opted to run for Congress, clearing the way for Obama to replace her, but, when she lost the primary, she decided she wanted to keep her old Senate seat, after all.</p>
<p>Obama was faced with a decision: step aside and wait his turn or do everything he could to take down a popular incumbent. In one meeting, an old guard of black political leaders tried to force Obama to abandon the race, but he wouldn’t budge. Instead of deferring to Palmer’s seniority, Obama challenged the very legitimacy of her petitions to get on the ballot, dispatching aides to the Chicago Board of Elections to scour Palmer’s filing papers,and, while they were at it, every other candidate’s, signature by signature. Many were fake. Obama won the challenge and cleared not just Palmer but all his potential rivals from the field.</p>
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<p>It was a brash maneuver that caught the attention of the Illinois political establishment. “His introduction to the political community was that he knocked off Alice,” said Ron Davis, a longtime Obama political hand who filed the challenge against Palmer and still cackles with glee over their victory. “The[current] president of the state Senate, Emil Jones, pushed very hard to save Alice, but we beat his staff. So they heard about Barack before he came down there to Springfield: ‘Who was this guy who came in and knocked Alice off the ballot?’”</p>
<p>In the wake of Obama’s recent contretemps with the Clinton campaign&#8211;she asked him to return money raised by Hollywood mogulDavid Geffen after Geffen had some acid words for her in the press; Obama declined&#8211;this episode acquires added resonance. The core question being raised today about Obama the candidate is whether hecan be both a post-partisan, inspirational figure&#8211;the dreamer whom Wright first identified&#8211;and also the type of uncompromising political realist who can actually win. After all, the presidential campaign trail is littered with candidates, from Adlai Stevenson to Bradley, who, like Obama, bemoaned the dirty business that politics has become and tried to run campaigns that rose above the muck. Such candidates may maintain the high ground, but they always lose. Obama’s assertion that he is, at heart, a community organizer suggests he might not fall into the same trap. He was, after all, trained to pursue the ideal but practice the pragmatic. Obama internalized the Alinsky maxim to always live in “the world as it is and not as we would like it to be,” and, starting with his race against Palmer, he put it to use. In the world as we would like it to be, every election should have more than one contestant. In the world as it is, especially in Chicago, you challenge your opponents’ signatures and knock them off the ballot.</p>
<p>The Palmer race was one of the earliest clues that Obama’s since recritique about what’s wrong with politics should not be mistaken for a declaration of unilateral disarmament when it comes to campaigning. He is not running a protest campaign like Jerry Brown’s in 1992, or one under the delusion that it is above politics, like Bradley’s. He is operating in the world as it is.When I asked Ron Davis if Obama is too idealistic, he laughed.”Barack knows how to play the game!” he told me. “I would hope wewould not have a pie-in-the-sky type for president. These are notthe times.” Galluzzo concurred: “First of all, he’s committed tohis values. They are not bullshit to him. He personally believesthe principles he’s espousing. Now, do I also believe he’sambitious and will do whatever it takes to win? Yes.”</p>
<p>Speaking of what he learned as an organizer, Obama himself told me,”I think that oftentimes ordinary citizens are taught that decisions are made based on the public interest or grand principles, when, in fact, what really moves things is money and votes and power.”</p>
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<p>After beating Palmer, Obama brought some of his old organizing lessons to Springfield. His successful career there owed much to a relationship he built with Emil Jones, the South Side machine pol whom Obama later described as his “political godfather.” Jones was an improbable mentor for Obama: In the mid- ‘80s, Obama’s group had organized protests against Jones when it wanted more help with funding for its projects. In Dreams, Obama portrayed Jones as an “old ward heeler” jockeying for position on a stage with the mayor. And Obama and Jones tangled over Alice Palmer, whom Jones had tried to rescue. Yet despite that history, or perhaps because of it, Obama sought out Jones in the legislature and let him know he was eager to work with him. Jones’s mentoring frayed Obama’s relationships with some other black colleagues&#8211;”petty jealousies,”Jones told me&#8211;but it paved the way for all of Obama’s legislative achievements.</p>
<p>“Emil was then, and is now, a powerhouse,” Rudd told me. “One of the things that community organizing teaches you is to do something called power analysis. You have to understand how to have a relationship with people in power, to be a peer with them, not to go on your knees begging but understand yourself as a co- equal and find a way that someone who has power will understand your power.That’s the whole point of organizing: What is it that people in power need to accommodate your needs?”</p>
<p>In 2000, Obama challenged Representative Bobby Rush, a former Black Panther whose connection to black Chicago once seemed unshakable.But, after Rush tried and failed to dislodge Richard M. Daley from the mayor’s office in 1999, Obama saw an opening. The contest proved particularly painful for him when his opponents picked at old wounds about his identity. Donne Trotter, another candidate and state Senate rival who resented Obama’s meteoric rise, told The Chicago Reader, “Barack is viewed in part to be the white man in blackface in our community.” But those accusations probably hadmore impact on Obama emotionally than they did on his poll numbers.A few months before the election, Rush’s son was shot and killedduring a robbery, creating a wave of sympathy that carried him tovictory.</p>
<p>After his defeat, Obama doubled down on his efforts to secure Jones’s patronage. “When he ran for the U.S. House and lost that race, he learned from that,” Jones told me. “He recognized that,even though you feel it in yourself that you are the best person,you need others around you that can influence others in support of you&#8211;or keep some people from being obstructionists. You need people to open doors for you. I guess that’s what he saw in me.”</p>
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<p>There was another door Obama thought Jones could open. When the Democrats took over the Illinois Senate in 2003, Obama paid Jones a visit. “After I was elected president, he came in to see me one day,” Jones told me. “He said, ‘You were just elected president.You have a lot of power now.’ ‘What kind of power do I have?’ He said, ‘You have the power to make a United States senator.’ ‘That sounds good. Do you have anybody in mind?’ He said, ‘Yeah, me.’”</p>
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<p><strong>Despite this history,</strong> Obama is still cast by the press as the candidate unwilling to stoop low enough to win, while Hillary is the machine politician whose last name has become synonymous with ruthlessness. But that David-versus- Goliath framing of the race is overstated. Obama’s political team is seasoned and conventional.His media adviser and strategic guru, David Axelrod, has spent decades in Chicago politics working for both the reformers (Harold Washington) and the machine (Richard M. Daley). Obama has all of the political machinery&#8211;ad-makers, fund-raisers,opposition-researchers&#8211;in place to run a serious but traditional campaign.</p>
<p>Moreover, when Obama’s ideals clash with reality, he has been able to find compromises that don’t put him at a political disadvantage.For instance, no Democrat can win the general election while adhering to the public financing system if the Republican nominee doesn’t do the same. Clinton and John Edwards have simply conceded that the public financing system is dead and are ignoring fund-raising restrictions that would be triggered if either ends up playing within the public financing scheme. Facing the same situation, Obama&#8211;a longtime champion of campaign finance reform in general and public financing in particular&#8211;asked the Federal Election Commission if he could raise the potentially restricted money now (the world as it is) but then give it back if he wins the nomination and convinces his Republican opponent to stick with public financing (the world as we would like it to be).</p>
<p>Back home in Chicago’s recent mayoral election, Obama endorsed Richard M. Daley&#8211;the symbol of machine politics, corruption, and racism for Hyde Park progressives and Obama’s old organizing friends. Asked if she was disappointed, Rudd said, “Yeah. We all want our politicians to be pure and ideological, but I think it wasa strategic move on his part and a well-considered one.” Another member of Obama’s organizing fraternity told me, “That’s part of his political savvy. &#8230; He recognizes that Daley is a powerful man and to have him as an ally is important. While he was a state senator here and moving around in Chicago, he made sure to minimize the direct confrontational approach to people of influence and policymakers and civic leaders. These are the same people now who are very aggressively supporting his campaign.”</p>
<p>But when those supporters become a liability, Obama has not been afraid to take a direct, confrontational approach. Reverend Wright learned this recently, on the evening before he was scheduled to deliver the invocation at Obama’s presidential announcement speech in Springfield. According to The New York Times, after Trinity’s Afrocentrism&#8211;which had originally drawn Obama to the church in the1980s&#8211;had become a sticky campaign issue, Obama called his old friend and told him it was probably best if the pastor didn’t speak,after all. The following day, Wright could be seen silently watching the proceedings from the sidelines along with other Obama supporters.</p>
<p>The way that Obama and his team have responded to the opening skirmishes of the presidential race has also been telling. Every time Obama has been challenged this year, his campaign has responded with ferocity. When Fox News falsely reported that Obama attended a madrassa in Indonesia, his aides not only went into war-room mode, beating back the story&#8211;not that difficult,considering it was obviously untrue&#8211;but Robert Gibbs, Obama’s communications director, also told Fox political reporter CarlCameron that he wouldn’t be allowed to travel on Obama’s plane.What is Fox going to do to us, Gibbs asked Cameron, report thatObama attended a radical Islamic school? Oh, wait, you already didthat!</p>
<p>When Australian Prime Minister John Howard said Obama’s Iraq planwould embolden Al Qaeda, Obama delivered a rehearsed line to a roomfull of reporters about how Howard should send more Aussies to Iraq if he cares so much about the situation there. And, most famously, when the Clinton campaign called on Obama to distance himself fromGeffen, his campaign shot back by referencing the Clintons’ Lincoln Bedroom fund-raising scandal.</p>
<p>In our last conversation, a few days after the Geffen episode, I asked Obama if his reputation for purity is a little overblown. He chuckled. “I wouldn’t be a U.S. senator or out of Chicago or a presidential candidate from Illinois if I didn’t have some sense of the world as it actually works,” he said. “When I arrived in Chicago at the age of twenty-four, I didn’t know a single person in Chicago, and I know an awful lot of folks now. And so, obviously, some of that has to do with me being pretty clear-eyed about power.”</p>
<p>But being clear-eyed about power also means understanding its limits.</p>
<p>“What I am constantly trying to do,” he added, “is balance a hardhead with a big heart.”</p>
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<p>Ryan Lizza was a senior editor and political correspondent for <i>The New Republic</i> from 1998 to 2007.</p>
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<p class="hide-on-small-only flow-text"><a href="https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/alinsky-for-the-left-the-politics-of-community-organizing"><strong>Alinsky for the Left: The Politics of Community Organizing</strong></a></p>
<aside class="article-meta">Mike Miller</aside>
<aside class="article-meta">Dissent</aside>
<aside class="article-meta">Winter 2010</aside>
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<p>For seventy years the disparate “Left” supported, belittled, glamorized, ignored, or attacked Saul Alinsky and his tradition of community organizing. Today, it should embrace community organizing, participate in it, and play the role that non-sectarian left organizers do in the labor movement—supporting greater social and economic equality, a viable public sector in the economy, significant extension of the social safety net, break-up of concentrated corporate power, worker ownership, cooperatives, credit unions, full civil liberties and open discussion, greater democratic participation, and greater political democracy in the country.</p>
<p>Community organizing includes electoral and nonelectoral strategies and tactics—negotiations with institutional decision makers and, in the absence of mutually acceptable agreements, nonviolent disruption, public shaming, economic action (strikes, greenlining, corporate campaigns, and boycotts), mutual aid and alternative institutions (co-ops, credit unions, support groups), mass lobbying for reform programs and legislation (rather than merely endorsing candidates who make vague promises of change), and the usual voter education, registration, and get-out-the-vote—but with differences I will elaborate below.</p>
<p><b>A Brief History</b></p>
<p>In the late 1930s, in Chicago’s “Back of the [Stock]Yards” neighborhood (made famous in Upton Sinclair’s <i>The Jungle</i>), Saul Alinsky and Joe Meegan, a local Catholic recreation and park director, organized the Catholic churches and other voluntary associations of the feuding Slavic neighborhood groups in an effort to address the poverty of the Great Depression. They added to the mix local merchants and small businesses along with the growing Packinghouse Workers Union. Delegates from all these organizations gave birth to the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council (BYNC), a multi-issue, nonpartisan, democratic populist “voice of the people.” Divisions between the communist-led Packinghouse workers local and the Catholic church, between various ethnic groups, and among other antagonists were overcome by an approach that created a lowest significant common denominator platform on issues and united all against the power of the meatpackers and the Chicago political machine. BYNC launched Alinsky as the preeminent community organizer in the United States.</p>
<p>When CIO unions backed away from Alinsky (in the era of Joe McCarthy and the expulsions of “communist-dominated” unions), the Catholic bishops were joined by “social gospel” Protestants and a handful of foundations and other wealthy benefactors who funded Alinksy’s Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF). Alinsky died suddenly in 1972, but the IAF continued, and a number of other “organizing networks” were initiated.</p>
<p>When I was a young organizer in the late 1960s and 1970s, effective “people power” groups were few and far between. Where they existed, Alinsky-tradition community organizations defeated urban renewal; won jobs for minorities; stopped planned freeways that would destroy working-class neighborhoods; halted redlining; preserved neighborhood shopping strips; defeated slum landlords; achieved education reform; negotiated policy changes in health care, transportation, recreation, and other public services; and even won national anti-redlining public policy victories. But they failed to build permanent institutions that could connect for city, state, and national action, go deeper into local power structures, and do more than win concessions from the powers-that-be. Alinsky himself observed that the life span of one of his organizations was five years; after that it was either absorbed into administering programs (rather than building people power) or died.</p>
<p>Still, Alinsky-tradition community organizing grew and took different forms. Organizer recruitment, training, and retention improved dramatically with better support and pay; there was a strategic shift aimed at uniting multi-racial and ethnic majorities in city- or metro-wide organizations; leadership education within community organizing focused more systematically on the workings of corporate power; funding stabilized as bottom-up money combined with religious and foundation grant-making; greater attention was given to revitalizing religious congregations—always key constituent groups of “organizations of organizations.” ACORN (Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now) developed as a national community organizing group based in individual membership chapters. Instead of death or co-optation after five years, some “organizations of organizations” and direct membership groups are now more than thirty years old. Community organizations have had an impact in such cities as San Francisco, Los Angeles, Denver, San Antonio, El Paso, Houston, Miami, Baltimore, New York, Boston, Chicago, and Minneapolis.</p>
<p>Three-to-five-million people are in one or another of these community organizing networks. They are growing and have won or helped win impressive victories.<br />
But fundamental change remains elusive. When, for example, a co-opted labor movement, developers, builders, investors, lenders, and the tourism industry join to sponsor urban renewal, and the Democratic Party is in bed with them (as much as the Republicans), it’s not hard to understand why very few urban renewal and private developer projects have been defeated. That the majority of Americans have been in a slow but steady economic decline is irrelevant to the power equation. The majority needs to be organized. Until we have significant presence and power in a substantial majority of congressional districts and the ability to defeat those who promise something before the election and behave differently afterward, we will continue to have the politics we now have: lesser-evil Democrats who soften the edges of neoliberal economics and do better on civil liberties and civil rights. The country deserves more.</p>
<p><b>What Is Community Organizing?</b></p>
<p>To understand community organizing, a good starting place is an article Barack Obama wrote in the August/September 1988 <i>Illinois Issue</i>s when he was an organizer (to which I’ve added a couple of bracketed comments):</p>
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<p align="left">…community organizing provides a way to merge various strategies for neighborhood empowerment. Organizing begins with the premise that (1) the problems facing inner-city communities do not result from a lack of effective solutions, but from a lack of power to implement these solutions; (2) that the only way for communities to build long-term power is by organizing people and the money [they raise] around a common vision; and (3) that a viable organization can only be achieved if a broadly based indigenous leadership—and not one or two charismatic leaders—can knit together the diverse interests of their local institutions [and “grassroots” people].</p>
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<p>The community organizing discussed here is rooted in democratic values and the social justice teachings of the world’s great religious traditions. Discussing its tactics apart from this value base is like calling a Tupperware party “community organizing” because it makes use of house meetings to sell its wares.</p>
<p>The major things that distinguish community organizing from other approaches to social change are its focus on power, the large-scale and continued involvement of people from the base, a continuing focus on leadership development, and the strategic role played by the professional organizer.</p>
<p>Organizing begins with the assumption that small and great injustices are typically the results of power imbalances. Those most hurt by the system are those who are most powerless to act on the system. The problem is not the absence of good policy ideas—in fact, there are lots of them that demonstrably work. Rather, the problem is the institutional resistance by people in positions of power. Further, this resistance is based on different self-interests, not lack of knowledge by decision-makers or incompetence—though in any given instance one or both of these factors may play a role.</p>
<p>Here’s the joker in the deck: the powerless will remain powerless, and therefore exploited, discriminated against, marginalized, and otherwise taken advantage of, as long as they remain isolated and divided. They don’t get involved because their past experience proves the adage, “You can’t fight city hall.” And their socialization in a mass, consumer, media-driven society tells them that they need some hero, advocate, charismatic leader to speak for them.</p>
<p>For people to shift from nonparticipation to engagement, they have to anticipate success in the not-too-distant future. Only the experience of winning will undo the socialization of powerlessness; it isn’t something that you can talk people out of. So organizers seek what Alinsky called “immediate, specific, and winnable issues.” These are tools to build power that can subsequently address more deeply embedded problems. Success can be used to convince the skeptics on the sidelines to participate. When more people participate, more people power is built and more recalcitrant issues can be addressed.</p>
<p>Multi-issue organizing is required because different people experience different problems with different degrees of intensity at different points in their lives. The single working mother without extended family supports is interested in child care; the homemaker mom with teenagers is interested in the local middle or high school. The retiree who depends on public transportation has yet a different concern. The organization that wants to involve all of them has to offer the possibility of addressing all their concerns in the not-too-distant future. A believable picture of what people power can accomplish must be painted; the initial painter is a professional community organizer.</p>
<p>In Alinsky’s day, the professional organizer was an outsider—a peddler of hope who aimed to replace himself (they were all men) with a locally recruited successor. The best organizers listen empathically to the hopes, fears, dreams, and specific concerns of the people; challenge them to act, as Alinsky put it, by “rubbing raw the resentments of the people…fanning [their] latent hostilities to the point of overt expression. [The organizer] must search out controversy and issues, rather than avoid them, for unless there is controversy people are not concerned enough to act.”</p>
<p>Organizers think through with the people they are organizing how to move from point “A” to point “B” in order to achieve changes in practices, policies, and structures, and they train people in the skills necessary to build a powerful organization.</p>
<p>When I worked from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s as “lead organizer” in San Francisco’s Greater Mission District, a largely Latino, multi-ethnic and racial area with upward of 100,000 people, the Mission Coalition Organization (MCO) brought together as many as 1,200 delegates and alternates from 100-plus organizations. At its peak, 500 people were meeting weekly in leadership and issue committees. Our organizing staff was only four people.</p>
<p>It is relatively easy for a small group of dedicated activists to mobilize hundreds, thousands, or even millions of people to march, picket, or vote against or for something. Organizing has to do more. It focuses on the development of leaders for whom civic participation becomes an important part of their identity. It provides meaning in their lives by rooting action in deeply held values. It offers the possibility of relationships of mutual confidence and trust among diverse people. It substitutes being a co-creator of an organization for being the passive recipient of what others decide for you.</p>
<p>Professional organizers focus on building community and power. Issues are simply tools for the building process. What is won is no doubt important. But the organizer’s questions, and increasingly the questions of a growing core of committed leaders, have to do with changing the relations of power: How did our leaders grow in self-confidence? What did they learn? Which new people assumed leadership responsibilities? Are they going to continue in these roles? Who are new recruits or potential recruits (organizations or individuals, depending on whether you’re building a federation or an individual membership organization)? What relationships were developed or deepened in our constituency? How was our reputation enhanced? What new allies were made? Have we gained respect from power structure figures who will now negotiate with us differently? Are new fundraising possibilities available? How about media?</p>
<p>If an organization doesn’t remain connected with its constituency and true to its values, today’s victory becomes tomorrow’s defeat—or, at best, it creates a pocket of privilege that does little for the vast majority of the powerless. Negative co-optation is the most powerful of the weapons in the arsenal of the powerful.</p>
<p>Examples are numerous: civil rights victories are now commonly evaded, ignored, or eroded; organized labor is too often a privileged stratum fighting take-backs rather than improving benefits and working conditions and organizing the unorganized.<br />
Some policy gains may strengthen the power of corporate America rather than making it more accountable and/or replacing it. The history of the struggle for affordable housing is illustrative. Lenders, developers, and builders were financed with tax dollars to build some affordable units, but at the same time public housing was defined by stigma and so limited by guidelines and funding that only a few places were able to use it to provide affordable and attractive living spaces. The total number of affordable units in many cities actually fell. Similarly, the question in the debate on health care is just how much we will have to bribe insurers, providers, and pharmaceuticals for them to extend affordable coverage to most Americans.</p>
<p>This focus on building organizations and changing power relations frustrates observers and analysts who want to know about ideological correctness. From this organizing perspective, that’s the wrong question to ask. Freedom is a constant struggle, and we should be focused on the road we’re traveling as much as on the destination.</p>
<p>So long as we hold greater equality, community, and justice in our sights, the important question is whether we’re moving in the right direction. Critics say this is “organizing for organizing’s sake,” or “process without goals.” Not true.</p>
<p><b>Winning Battles, Losing the War</b></p>
<p>Organizers like to tell victory stories—describing the unfolding of talents and self-confidence in tens of thousands of people, active participants instead of victims and passive observers; pointing to new positive relationships in multi-constituency organizations among previously hostile groups; and analyzing how a community organizing approach revitalized a religious congregation or union local. They recount with pride campaigns that made politicians accountable to the people they’re supposed to represent—like the early 1970s anti-crosstown freeway effort in Chicago or the 1980s New Orleans effort that redefined the drug issue as one of health care, education, and prevention rather than a “war on drugs.” In both cases, community organizing groups made politicians respond to their agendas, publicized the responses, engaged in voter education, registration, and get-out-the-vote drives, and saw their issues dramatically affect electoral outcomes. Instead of endorsing politicians, these organizations got politicians to endorse them and win because of those endorsements.</p>
<p>But organizers have greater difficulty dealing with a question asked by one of the field’s most friendly observers, Peter Dreier: “Why is the sum smaller than the parts?” I think there are two things to say in response.</p>
<p>We are not dealing with a paper tiger. Tremendous power is concentrated in the hands of an unaccountable few. Capital’s mobility destroys neighborhoods and regions by disinvestment or gentrification; undermines union organization with threats to relocate and barely regulated intimidation; fosters destructive competition between ethnic, racial, native, immigrant, age, and gender groups; and plays local, state, and national governments against one another in efforts to create “union-free” low wage, low tax, low regulation environments. The Reagan revolution made government and the civil service enemies rather than tools for the common good.</p>
<p>And there’s a lot of complicity on the “progressive” side of the struggle: a co-opted labor movement generally accepts either private or public sector employer definitions of what is to be produced, created, or served, and how work is to be organized, and limits its demands to getting a piece of the action. Rarely do building trades unions oppose construction projects that destroy working-class and poor neighborhoods; industrial unions question what they are making, its environmental impact, or whether (as in transit) there might be better public alternatives; public service unions ally with the presumed beneficiaries of their work to fight for the quality and effectiveness of what their employers provide. Most of the labor movement is afraid to engage its members in the ongoing life of unions, creating people power and a counter-culture analogous to what evangelical and Pentecostal churches have created—and thus far handed over to the Republican Party in exchange for support on “social issues.” Labor leaders prefer speaking for their members and providing services to them, whereas a fully participatory labor movement is a necessary condition for a truly democratic United States.</p>
<p>The social movements of the 1960s made mistakes, including the strategy of “community control,” lumping organized labor together with the power structure, ignoring the legitimate aspirations and fears of lower-middle- and middle-class “whites,” and pursuing maximum agendas rather than looking for lowest significant common denominators that, in the slightly longer run, would make for more effective organizing and bigger victories.</p>
<p>All this creates the context, and establishes parameters, for community organizing. But community organizers also need to look at some of their own weaknesses. Many organizers think they are now at the negotiating table and don’t need the mass action of the past. They may be there, but only as junior partners. The gap between most community leaders and professional organizers in understanding the strategy and tactics of people power results in dependence on the organizers. Rivalry between organizing groups needs to be replaced by ecumenism and by structures like the AFL-CIO or the National Council of Churches. In efforts to avoid ideological sectarianism we have thrown the baby out with the bathwater. Radical alternatives need to be discussed. Public, worker, community, and consumer ownership; radically progressive taxation; breakup of corporate giants; internal democratization of large bureaucracies; and de-centralization all need to be part of internal leadership and membership education programs. Organizers today need to articulate a vision of what a good society would look like in the same way that earlier organizers articulated an understanding of neighborhood based on mutual support, diversity, stability, and human scale. Bottom-up (dues and grassroots fundraising) money needs to be a larger part of budgets, and community organizing needs to learn to negotiate with foundations over their grant making just as they negotiate with other decision-makers.</p>
<p><b>Third Force Versus Third-Party Politics</b></p>
<p>The election of former Alinsky-tradition community organizer Barack Obama as president put community organizing on the map—and confused a lot of people about what it actually is by calling his electoral mobilization “community organizing.” That confusion was ramped up when right-wing opponents of a strong public option in health care reform said they were using “Alinsky tactics” to disrupt town-hall meetings across the country.</p>
<p>The president would like to eat his cake and have it too. He continues to tell us that “change comes from below.” (If so, why did he want to run for president?) The truth is that change comes from above and below: without Franklin Roosevelt <i>and </i>the CIO there wouldn’t have been the changes in the 1930s that we now fight to retain and improve. In 1940, had A. Philip Randolph and the Sleeping Car Porters not threatened a demonstration of a hundred thousand African Americans and their civil rights allies in the nation’s capital, FDR wouldn’t have issued a fair employment hiring executive order. Without Lyndon Johnson and the civil rights movement, there wouldn’t have been the changes of the 1960s. Obama offers Organizing for America (OFA) as the vehicle for popular participation. I don’t think so. Obama needs Organizing for America to help him with his agenda. Nothing wrong with that, but it’s not community organizing.</p>
<p>Community organizing’s agenda should be to push the president. There are plenty of people pushing him from Wall Street, the health care industry, and others in elite circles. If there is not a countervailing push, organized independently of Obama, we will be disappointed in him as a president—and will have ourselves to blame. Can community organizing provide that countervailing push?</p>
<p>I call the Chicago and New Orleans approach to electoral politics described earlier “partisan non-partisanship,” or “non-partisan partisanship.” It is partisan on values and issues that flow from those values. It asks politicians, “Whose side are you on?” It uses their responses to make distinctions among them and affect electoral outcomes.</p>
<p>The Chicago and New Orleans campaigns provide clues as to how this could be done in the country as a whole. We can imagine a national federation of community organizations—analogous to the AFL-CIO, but with deeper levels of member participation—adopting a multi-issue economic and social justice agenda that deals with affordable housing, home foreclosures, health care reform, immigration, job creation and training in the public sector, education reform that lowers class size and increases pay for teachers, vigorous civil rights enforcement, expanded grants for college education, labor’s right to card check recognition, taxation to pay for all this based on ability to pay, clear measures to break up concentrated corporate power, and a foreign policy based on mutual respect among nations. There are single-issue instances of organizing networks entering the political arena with some success. But we are not yet at the point where these networks are able and willing to give up some part of their individual identity in the name of greater people power. In the absence of that will, the observation that “the sum is less than the parts” is apt.</p>
<p>Who will push community organizing in this direction? I don’t think it will be the old generation of professional organizers. Rather, it will be younger organizers, religious leaders of the major faiths that fund and legitimize organizing, local leaders seeking more cooperation among the networks right now, and sympathetic public intellectuals who recognize the contribution that community organizing has to make.</p>
<p>Such a multi-issue national force, funded by dues and money raised by membership activities, with the millions of members now already engaged in community organizing, would have a capacity to reach deeply into thousands of precincts across the country and an ability to keep the heat on politicians. It would constitute a “near-party” in American politics. An organization that defines a platform, provides the apparatus that gets someone elected, and remains capable of defending its platform would be a force to be reckoned with. It does not have to be a political party to accomplish its aims. It doesn’t have to face the third party versus Democratic Party choice. (For space reasons, I have omitted from this discussion the “fusion” approach illustrated by New York’s Working Families Party. Only a few states allow fusion so the strategy is limited in its applicability. Otherwise, it is promising.) It does both and neither. In some circumstances, though they are increasingly hard to imagine, it might be a Republican who is willing to stand on the side of the people’s platform; elsewhere it might be an Independent or a Green.</p>
<p>This partisan/nonpartisan, non-party/party approach can move people beyond current stalemates in strategy. For labor, it implies a step back from the first-name, insider, often-too-cozy relationship with Democratic Party politicians. For community organizing, it means a step forward toward ecumenism and a serious engagement in electoral politics. Perhaps discussions initiated now would aim for the 2012 national election. It will take that much time for trusting relationships to develop, agreements to be made, and kinks worked out.</p>
<p>For the vast majority of the American people, and for the people of the world who are so deeply affected by what happens here, this approach just might point to a way out of the present morass. The fundamental problem in the United States has two parts: the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of a relatively small group of people and the lack of a democratic social movement to effectively challenge the status quo. In the absence of the latter, the former will continue and get worse.</p>
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<p><b>Mike Miller</b> has been a community organizer for fifty years and is executive director of ORGANIZE! Training Center (OTC). He is the author of <i>A Community Organizer’s Tale: People and Power in San Francisco</i>, Heyday Books, 2009. Visit OTC’s Web site at: <a><a href="http://www.OrganizeTrainingCenter.org" rel="nofollow">http://www.OrganizeTrainingCenter.org</a></a>.</p>
<p><b>Author note</b>: For more information about the largest community organizing networks that share the ideas and practices of Saul Alinsky and his early associates Tom Gaudette and Fred Ross, visit the Web sites of ACORN, Direct Action Research &amp; Training (DART), Gamaliel Foundation, Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), Midwest Academy, National Training &amp; Information Center (NTIC), PICO, and such regional groupings as InterValley Project (IVP) and Western Organization of Resource Councils (WORC).</p>
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