<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?><oembed><version><![CDATA[1.0]]></version><provider_name><![CDATA[jcdurbant]]></provider_name><provider_url><![CDATA[https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com]]></provider_url><author_name><![CDATA[jcdurbant]]></author_name><author_url><![CDATA[https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/author/jcdurbant/]]></author_url><title><![CDATA[Accord de Paris: Attention, un autoritarisme peut en cacher un autre ! (Pittsburgh finally gets its say on Paris climate&nbsp;accord)]]></title><type><![CDATA[link]]></type><html><![CDATA[<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em><img class="img alignleft" title="Poignée de main musclée entre Donald Trump et Emmanuel Macron, le 25 mai 2017, en marge du sommet de l'Otan, à Bruxelles." src="https://i0.wp.com/img.20mn.fr/DHY_YLvBQRGICCLyIwY-Mw/648x415_poignee-main-musclee-entre-donald-trump-emmanuel-macron-25-mai-2017-marge-sommet-otan-bruxelles.jpg" alt="Poignée de main musclée entre Donald Trump et Emmanuel Macron, le 25 mai 2017, en marge du sommet de l'Otan, à Bruxelles." width="450" height="289" /> <img class="article-img absolute-t-r img-responsive-l image-link alignleft" src="https://i0.wp.com/img.bfmtv.com/c/1000/600/fcd/c9d514164c169f92f5ee8683ddb67.jpg" alt="L'humoriste Kathy Griffin a choqué en postant cette photo sur les réseaux sociaux" width="450" height="270" /></em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em><img class=" alignleft" src="https://i2.wp.com/a57.foxnews.com/media2.foxnews.com/BrightCove/694940094001/2017/05/25/780/438/694940094001_5448810511001_Obama-takes-shot-at-Trump-with-wall-comment.jpg" alt="https://i2.wp.com/a57.foxnews.com/media2.foxnews.com/BrightCove/694940094001/2017/05/25/780/438/694940094001_5448810511001_Obama-takes-shot-at-Trump-with-wall-comment.jpg" width="450" height="252" /></em></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>La démocratie, c&rsquo;est aussi la grande question par rapport à la tentation autoritaire que l&rsquo;on voit surgir et notamment aux Etats-Unis.</em> <a href="http://www.midilibre.fr/2016/08/02/apres-ses-derapages-donald-trump-tres-critique-par-hollande-et-obama,1375090.php">François Hollande</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>J’ai été élu pour représenter les citoyens de Pittsburgh, pas ceux de Paris.</em> <a href="http://www.lci.fr/international/elu-pour-representer-les-habitants-de-pittsburgh-donald-trump-s-attire-les-foudres-du-maire-de-la-ville-qui-suivra-l-accord-de-paris-2053972.html">Donald Trump</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Ma poignée de main avec lui, ce n’est pas innocent, ce n’est pas l’alpha et l’oméga d’une politique mais un moment de vérité. Il faut montrer qu’on ne fera pas de petites concessions, même symboliques, mais ne rien surmédiatiser non plus. Donald Trump, le président turc ou le président russe sont dans une logique de rapport de forces, ce qui ne me dérange pas. Je ne crois pas à la diplomatie de l’invective publique mais dans mes dialogues bilatéraux, je ne laisse rien passer, c’est comme cela qu’on se fait respecter.</em> <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/politique/2075755-20170528-emmanuel-macron-poignee-main-trump-innocent">Emmanuel Macron</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Il est difficile de taxer Emmanuel Macron de racisme ou de légèreté. Il a eu l’occasion de s’exprimer sur ces sujets, notamment au cours de la campagne lors de son déplacement à Mayotte. C’est une polémique qui n’a pas lieu d’être. Quant à l’idée qu’il y aurait deux poids deux mesures : la différence c’est que contrairement à certaines autres personnes, Emmanuel Macron a une ligne claire vis-à-vis de l’immigration clandestine et des migrants. Il a par exemple été l’un des premiers à saluer la politique migratoire d’Angela Merkel. </em><a href="http://www.valeursactuelles.com/politique/blague-sur-les-migrants-comoriens-macron-va-trop-loin-et-dechaine-la-colere-84154">Cellule de communication de l&rsquo;Élysée</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Tout ce que j&rsquo;ai fait dans ma vie professionnelle est légal, public, transparent. Je ne suis pas inquiété par la justice, j&rsquo;ai ma conscience pour moi. </em><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/05/31/richard-ferrand-se-defend-tout-ce-que-jai-fait-est-legal-pub_a_22118630/">Richard Ferrand</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Ce n&rsquo;est jamais arrivé dans l&rsquo;histoire. Un président en fonction, la première dame et sa famille tentent de ruiner ma vie. Vous le connaissez, il n&rsquo;arrêtera pas. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;Amérique, nous ne sommes pas censés mourir pour ça. Aujourd&rsquo;hui, c&rsquo;est moi, et demain, ça pourrait être vous. Je fais de l&rsquo;humour provocateur, je vais continuer de me moquer de Trump. Je l&rsquo;ai fait sous Bush et Clinton, et personne n&rsquo;a essayé de me tuer.</em> <a href="http://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1037508/faux-donald-trump-decapite-kathy-griffin-president-etats-unis-photo">Kathy Griffin</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Les médias sont unanimes : Emmanuel Macron est sorti vainqueur de sa poignée de main avec Donald Trump. La scène, filmée jeudi dernier à Bruxelles lors du sommet de l’OTAN, est passée en boucle sur les télévisions, avec arrêts sur image et gros plans sur les doigts du président américain : ils lâchent prise mais restent enserrés encore une seconde. Interrogé sur cette insignifiance par le JDD, le président français a déclaré : &laquo;&nbsp;Ma poignée de main avec lui ce n’est pas innocent, ce n’est pas l’alpha et l’oméga d’une politique, mais un moment de vérité (&#8230;) Il faut montrer qu’on ne fera pas de petites concessions, même symboliques&nbsp;&raquo;. Dans cet univers artificiel, fait de signes prémédités, Macron confirme ses dons d’acteur et de communicant. &laquo;&nbsp;Un sans-faute&nbsp;&raquo;, ont dit les choeurs. Reste que ce recours au théâtre muet, intrusion du mime Marceau en politique, infantilise un peu plus la chose publique. Macron n’a évidemment pas vaincu Trump ce jour-là. Mais le président a décidé d’écrire son épopée. Le pire est que ce narcissisme fait mouche. La presse est majoritairement conquise par le personnage. Est-elle encore un contre-pouvoir? Pour l’instant, elle est tout contre. &laquo;&nbsp;Nous n’avons jamais eu ce climat de béatitude&nbsp;&raquo;, grinçait, lundi, Bernard Cazeneuve, l’ancien premier ministre. Mais les limites de l’euphorie sont visibles. L’envoûtement que Macron croyait avoir eu sur l’Américain n’empêchera pas Trump de garder sa liberté sur l’accord sur le climat. Il aura également incité l’Otan à se concentrer sur la lutte contre l’immigration et le terrorisme djihadiste, ces sujets délaissés par l’Union européenne, obnubilée par le danger russe. </em><a href="https://www.pressreader.com/france/le-figaro/20170602/281573765656450">Ivan Rioufol</a><em><br />
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<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Imagine you have a seventy-something-year-old very strong personality in the family. And he’s got his golfing buddy who is his best friend. And they go off golfing and drinking and smoking cigars. What he really wants to do is smoke cigars. But the family is telling him, ‘Smoking cigars is really bad for you and the doctor told you not to do it.’ He’s, like, ‘I know, I know.’ So when he’s around his family, he’s, like, ‘Look, I’m not smoking cigars!’ And then he goes off with his golf buddy. And guess what they do? They fucking light up cigars, because that’s actually who he is and what he thinks. And Bannon is like his golfing buddy that he goes and smokes cigars with. That’s actually who he is.</em> Republican White House insider</h5>
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<h5><em>I think Jared and Ivanka are concerned with being accepted in the right places, they care about what the beautiful people think,” he said. “They care about being well received in the Upper West Side cocktail parties. They view Steve as a man with dirty fingernails, with some weird, crazy, extremist philosophy they don’t think is in the best interest of the President. With all respect to them, they don’t understand how Trump got elected. They don’t understand the forces behind it, they don’t understand the dynamics of the situation, and they certainly don’t understand his appeal and the people who voted for him—they can’t understand it.  They would like the President to be more like George Bush: one-dimensional, predictable, neocon, mainstream.</em> Trump adviser</h5>
<h5 class="p1"><span class="s1"><em>Jared believes that it’s a bad deal and that the standards were too high and could hurt the economy. But his preference would have been to stay in. Ivanka’s preference was to stay in, but she saw her role as setting up a process inside and outside the government to get information to her father from all sides of the issue.</em> White House official<br />
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<h5><em>The early few months of the Trump presidency are, in many ways, Claudian. Trump is likewise an outsider who, in the view of the Washington aristocracy, should never have been president. The thrice-married Trump was supposedly too old, too crude, too coarse, and too reckless in his past private life. His critics now allege that the blunt-talking Trump suffers from some sort of psychological or physical ailment, given that his accent, diction, grammar, and general manner of speaking, as well as his comportment, just don’t seem presidential. If Claudius constantly scribbled down observations on imperial life (unfortunately now mostly lost), Trump is an incessant tweeter, who daily issues forth a litany of impromptu impressions, half-baked thoughts, and assertions—that are likewise the stuff of ridicule by journalists. The media and the Washington establishment—like Claudius’s elite critics, Seneca, Suetonius, and Tacitus—focus mostly on the psychodramas of the president. But while they obsess over the frequent absence of First Lady Melania, Trump’s two-scoop ice cream deserts, the supposed undue and sinister influence of Trump’s daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner, the insider spats between the New York moderates and the Steve Bannon true-blue populists, the assorted firings of former Obama appointees, and investigations of Trump associates—the American government, like Rome under Claudius, goes on. Critics also miss the fact that Trump is not a catalyst but a reflection of contemporary culture, in the way that the world portrayed in Petronius’s Satyricon both pre- and postdated Claudius. The Neroian crudity, obscenity, and vulgarity of a Madonna, Bill Maher, or Steven Colbert—or DNC head Tom Perez or California Senator Kamala Harris—had nothing to do with Donald Trump. The real story of the Trump administration is not the messy firing of James Comey or the hysterical attacks on Trump by the media, or even his own shoot-from-the-hip excesses. Rather Trump, also like Claudius, has assembled a first-rate team of advisors and cabinet officials. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Defense Secretary James Mattis, National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster, and Homeland Security Director John Kelly—and the dozens of professionals who work for them—comprise the most astute and experienced group of strategists, diplomats, world travelers, and foreign policy thinkers since the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. Never have so many cabinet officers been given such responsibility and autonomy. It is unlikely that a Mattis or McMaster—outsiders who lack bureaucratic portfolios—would have ever held such office under either a progressive Democratic president or an establishment Republican one. A mercurial and unpredictable president gives a Secretary of Defense or State more leverage abroad than does an apologetic sounding and predictably complacent Commander in Chief. The result is a recovering military and a slow restoration of American deterrence abroad that will ultimately make the world safer and the need for America to intervene less likely. Trump’s Justice Department under former Senator Jeff Sessions and his Deputy Rod Rosenstein is likewise a vast improvement over the one headed by Eric Holder and Loretta Lynch, which politicized and even nullified federal law. So far, any diagnosis of what our contemporary Claudius has done in his first three months rather than what he has said—or what the media says he has said or done—suggests national improvement. The stock market is up over the last four months. Unemployment is down. Labor participation is inching up. Business confidence polls stronger. Illegal immigration has dropped by 70 percent. Federal revenues are increasing while federal spending is declining. Neil Gorsuch and other federal judicial appointees are being roundly praised. Local police and federal law enforcement officials are re-enthused after years of demoralization. Trump’s executive orders on the Keystone and Dakota pipelines, and the reenergized support for the coal industry, will bring more jobs and lower energy costs. Industries like steel, aluminum, and beef are talking about exporting and hiring in a way that they have not in years. While the media caricatures Trump’s propensity to jawbone companies about outsourcing jobs abroad, corporations themselves see executive orders on deregulation, promises of tax reform, and a new attitude of “America first” as incentives to stay home and hire Americans. (&#8230;) In the end, Claudius was likely murdered by dynastic rivals and relatives who thought that a young, glib, handsome, intellectual, and artistic Nero would be a pleasant relief from the awkwardness, bluntness, and weirdness of Claudius. What followed was the triumph of artists, intellectuals, stylish aristocrats, obsequious dynastic insiders, and flatterers—many of them eventually to be consumed by the reign of terror they so eagerly helped to usher in.</em> Victor Davis Hanson</h5>
<h5><em>Bannonism always thrives in the Trump White House when it can serve as a political accelerant for Trump, who, at the time of his decision on Thursday, was confronting a continued erosion of support from his own base, a widening Russia probe, and a stalled agenda in Congress. On the climate accord, Kushner and Ivanka hardly had a chance. Bannon’s nationalism, especially when it comes to trade and immigration, is still not widely supported in the Republican establishment and conservative donor class. But when Bannon’s views line up with those of Republican leaders and donors—not to mention those of Trump—he almost always prevails. If Trump had taken the less extreme course on climate advised by his daughter and son-in-law, he would have been breaking a campaign promise and going against the wishes of the entire G.O.P. leadership. In addition, Trump, who knows little about policy, is famously narcissistic, and, easily influenced by personal slights, reportedly was perturbed by a remark from Emmanuel Macron, the French President, who said he intentionally made a show of forcefully shaking Trump’s hand at the recent G7 summit. Trump also reportedly believed that angering Europe was a “secondary benefit” of pulling out of the accord. Given these circumstances, Bannon could not have had a stronger hand to play in this fight. Still, the climate decision is ultimately the responsibility of Trump himself, not of any single adviser. Trump generally makes decisions that align with Bannon’s views not because he is being manipulated by him but because he agrees with him.</em> Ryan Lizza<em><br />
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<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>On April 29th Donald Trump rang Rodrigo Duterte, the president of the Philippines. According to a leaked transcript, he said: “I just want to congratulate you because I am hearing of the unbelievable job on the drug problem.” Since Mr Duterte was elected in June last year, his anti-drugs campaign has led to the killing of around 9,000 people, mainly petty dealers and users. A couple of weeks earlier, Mr Trump had called the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to congratulate him on winning a referendum granting him sweeping new powers. Since an attempted coup last year, more than 100,000 Turks have been arrested or detained: the judiciary has been shredded, journalists jailed and media outlets shut down Last week, in Saudi Arabia on the first leg of a nine-day foreign trip, Mr Trump praised Egypt’s president, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (pictured). “Safety seems to be very strong” in Egypt, he gushed. Mr Sisi’s regime has locked up tens of thousands of dissidents. Not once in Saudi Arabia did Mr Trump raise the kingdom’s habit of flogging, torturing and not letting people choose their government, preferring to trumpet a $110bn arms deal: “Hundreds of billions of dollars of investments into the United States and jobs, jobs, jobs.” Mr Trump’s meetings later in his trip with NATO and G7 heads of government were, by contrast, sour affairs. The pattern is clear: this is a president who gets on better with authoritarian regimes than America’s traditional democratic partners. (&#8230;) This represents a rupture with at least four decades of bipartisan consensus in favour of liberal internationalism. Far from conflicting with America’s interests, argues Ted Piccone, a former foreign policy adviser in the Clinton administration now at the Brookings Institution, advancing normative values is essential to those interests, and is the basis for America’s national prestige and international legitimacy. (&#8230;) Barack Obama did not resile from the human-rights agenda. But he became increasingly doubtful about using military force to buttress it. Ms Green, who served in the American agency for international development under Mr Obama, says he set great store by “civic-society engagement” to push authoritarian regimes towards international norms. He also believed that speaking out on human rights when meeting autocrats boosted campaigners, even when his lecturing grated. Mr Obama was more of a Wilsonian than a neo-Wilsonian; his idealism tempered by a cool realism that verged on cynicism. For him the Middle East, exemplified by Libya, was a “shit show” that America could do little to change. But critics saw his reluctance to intervene in Syria as an abdication of American responsibility. Mr Obama reflected a loss of confidence in the certainties of the neolibs and neocons. He may have allowed the pendulum to swing back too far, but he reflected the mood of war-weary voters. Mr Trump stands for something different and darker: a contemptuous repudiation of the use of American strength in the service of anything other than self-interest. His enthusiasm for a brute like Mr Duterte gives heart to brutes everywhere. The consequences for America’s power and influence are likely to be grave.</em> <a href="http://www.economist.com/news/international/21722834-past-presidents-believed-american-power-should-be-used-force-good?fsrc=scn/fb/te/bl/ed/goodbyetovaluesamericasforeignpolicyembracethugsdictatorsandstrongmen">The Economist</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>On est assez gênés par les gesticulations pitoyables de la classe politique française après le retrait des États-Unis de l’accord de Paris sur le climat. Il s’agit d’un non événement, mais nos politiciens doivent jouer le jeu de la dramatisation climatique pour mettre en évidence la colossale réussite française que représente ce fameux accord. Comme chacun le sait, cet « accord historique » n’est qu’une déclaration d’intentions ne comportant aucun engagement juridique effectif. Selon l’article 2, le réchauffement climatique devra être contenu « bien en deçà de 2°C » par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre devront atteindre « un pic aussi rapidement que possible ». Tous les cinq ans, un bilan sera effectué. Les pays pauvres redoutant de retarder leur développement économique, il a été convenu qu’il serait tenu compte des « circonstances nationales différentes » pour apprécier les progrès. Les 100 milliards de dollars promis aux pays pauvres ne figurent pas dans l’accord proprement dit mais dans une annexe. Autrement dit, il s’agit d’un engagement moral de mieux faire, rien de plus. Dans ce contexte, le retrait des États-Unis représente l’honnêteté et les hauts cris des politiciens français, de droite comme de gauche, un exemple historique d’hypocrisie. Trump avait en effet annoncé la couleur au cours de sa campagne électorale. Il était opposé à tout ce galimatias de bonnes intentions. Il a eu le courage de mettre fin au mensonge que constituent des promesses qui, de toute évidence, ne seront pas tenues. Et il fallait un certain courage pour affronter les gourous de l’écologisme mondial qui ont fait beaucoup d’émules parmi les politiciens. Évidemment le retrait américain gêne tous les adeptes de la nouvelle religion. Les adorateurs de Gaïa n’ont que le levier politico-éthique pour agir. Ils ont réussi à circonvenir un certain nombre de scientifiques et font désormais étalage des « conclusions scientifiques » sur le réchauffement climatique dans tous les médias. Ils sont également parvenus à imposer de multiples normes concernant les produits industriels (automobiles, appareils de chauffage, appareils électroménagers, etc.) par une propagande moralisatrice à laquelle l’opinion publique occidentale a été sensible. Les politiciens ont donc suivi par électoralisme. Mais la réalité économique leur résiste. Lorsqu’il s’agit de fabriquer, de créer une entreprise, d’innover, de trouver des salariés compétents, de se déplacer sur notre petite planète, les contraintes du réel l’emportent sur les bonnes résolutions idéologiques. (&#8230;) Cette méthode éprouvée a déjà été utilisée récemment avec les constructeurs automobiles. Des normes très ambitieuses ayant été adoptées au niveau européen pour les rejets de particules des moteurs diesels, il était impossible pour les constructeurs de maintenir les performances des véhicules tout en respectant la norme. Ils ont donc utilisé des subterfuges techniques pour contourner le problème. Après des contrôles, Volkswagen (et d’autres) ont pu être dénoncés comme fraudeurs et stigmatisés sur tous les médias planétaires. Ceux qui savent construire des voitures confortables et rapides appartiennent ainsi au camp du mal. Ceux qui se contentent de rédiger quelques pages de normes techniques et de les faire avaliser par le conseil européen siègent dans le camp du bien. </em><a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2017/06/04/291198-trump-face-a-lhypocrisie">Patrick Aulnas</a><em><br />
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<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>President Obama signed the agreement last September, albeit by ducking the two-thirds majority vote in the Senate required under the Constitution for such national commitments. The pact includes a three-year process for withdrawal, which Mr. Trump could short-circuit by also pulling out of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Paris was supposed to address the failures of the 1997 Kyoto protocol, which Bill Clinton signed but George W. Bush refused to implement amid similar outrage. The Kyoto episode is instructive because the U.S. has since reduced emissions faster than much of Europe thanks to business innovation—namely, hydraulic fracturing that is replacing coal with natural gas. While legally binding, Kyoto’s CO 2 emissions targets weren’t strictly enforced. European countries that pursued aggressive reductions were engaging in economic masochism. According to a 2014 Manhattan Institute study, the average cost of residential electricity in 2012 was 12 cents per kilowatt hour in the U.S. but an average 26 cents in the European Union and 35 cents in Germany. The average price of electricity in the EU soared 55% from 2005 to 2013. Yet Germany’s emissions have increased in the last two years as more coal is burned to compensate for reduced nuclear energy and unreliable solar and wind power. Last year coal made up 40% of Germany’s power generation compared to 30% for renewables, while state subsidies to stabilize the electric grid have grown five-fold since 2012. But the climate believers tried again in Paris, this time with goals that are supposedly voluntary. China and India offered benchmarks pegged to GDP growth, which means they can continue their current energy plans. China won’t even begin reducing emissions until 2030 and in the next five years it will use more coal. President Obama, meanwhile, committed the U.S. to reducing emissions by between 26% and 28% below 2005 levels by 2025. This would require extreme changes in energy use. Even Mr. Obama’s bevy of anti-carbon regulations would get the U.S. to a mere 45% of its target. Meeting the goals would require the Environmental Protection Agency to impose stringent emissions controls on vast stretches of the economy including steel production, farm soil management and enteric fermentation (i.e., cow flatulence). Don’t laugh—California’s Air Resources Board is issuing regulations to curb bovine burping to meet its climate g oal. (&#8230;) The Big Con at the heart of Paris is that even its supporters concede that meeting all of its commitments won’t prevent more than a 0.17 degree Celsius increase in global temperatures by 2100, far less than the two degrees that is supposedly needed to avert climate doom. It’s also rich for Europeans to complain about the U.S. abdicating climate leadership after their regulators looked the other way as auto makers, notably Volkswagen , cheated on emissions tests. This allowed Europeans to claim they were meeting their green goals without harming the competitiveness of their auto makers. The EPA had to shame the EU into investigating the subterfuge. </em><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/paris-climate-discord-1496272448">Ruth King</a></h5>
<h5 style="text-align:justify;"><em>Sometimes &#8212; maybe almost always &#8212; the world seems to run on Freudian projection. One of the salient recent examples is Barack Obama&rsquo;s supporters &#8212; and Obama himself, literally and by implication &#8212; calling Donald Trump &laquo;&nbsp;authoritarian.&nbsp;&raquo; But in non-projected reality, during his administration, Obama is the one who imposed what we might deem &#8212; in appropriately Maoist parlance &#8212; the &laquo;&nbsp;Three Authoritarianisms.&nbsp;&raquo; They were the Paris climate accord, the Iran deal, and US intelligence agencies being used to surveil American citizens. All three of these &laquo;&nbsp;authoritarianisms&nbsp;&raquo; were entirely ex-Constitutional.  The first two were in essence treaties on which Congress (and by extension the American people) never got to vote or, for that matter, discuss in any serious way.  The Paris accord probably would have failed. As for the Iran deal, we still don&rsquo;t know the full contents and therefore debating it is somewhat moot. We have, however, seen its consequences &#8212; corpses littered all across Syria, not to mention untold millions of refugees. Admittedly, too, the third of &laquo;&nbsp;Three Authoritarianisms&nbsp;&raquo; is still, shall we say, occluded.  We don&rsquo;t know the extent of this surveillance and may never. But this too is typical authoritarian behavior. Even a cursory look at history reveals that totalitarianism does not always come with the obvious iron fist of a Comrade Stalin.  Sometimes it arrives in a subtler manner, as it did in the Obama administration when the then president&rsquo;s amanuensis/lackey Ben Rhodes was so naive or arrogant (or both) as to brag to a New York Times writer how he duped young and uneducated reporters into parroting what the administration wanted them to say about the Iran deal.  The KGB couldn&rsquo;t have done it better. In the cases of Paris and Iran, it&rsquo;s clear the (totalitarian) decision to avoid Congress was deliberate.  But now Trump has put a crimp in the former by pulling out of the Paris climate (né global warming) accord. The international chorus of hissy fits was so instantaneous and predictable &#8212; no more eminent scientist than actor Mark Ruffalo has declared &laquo;&nbsp;Trump will have the death of whole nations on his hands&nbsp;&raquo; &#8212; one must ask the obligatory question: Was it ever really about climate or was it, in the immortal words of  H. L. Mencken, &laquo;&nbsp;about the money&nbsp;&raquo;? I learned firsthand just how much it was the latter when covering COP15 &#8212; the UN climate conference in Copenhagen at the tail end of 2009. (&#8230;) So I (&#8230;) asked why he had come all the way from the South Pacific to Denmark and he looked at me in astonishment. &laquo;&nbsp;For the money,&nbsp;&raquo; he said, continuing to stare at me as if I were some kind of cretin who had wangled a press pass.</em> Roger L Simon</h5>
<h5 class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;"><em>Yes, there&rsquo;s a threat to civilization and it&rsquo;s not global warming, manmade or otherwise.  And anyone who isn&rsquo;t comatose should know what it is. Islam, like cancer, needs a cure. And we all  have to participate in the search for one before it&rsquo;s too late. Yes, this is about Islam, not &laquo;&nbsp;radical&nbsp;&raquo; Islam or some other off-shoot, real or imagined, because the tenets that have inspired the non-stop spate of terrorism across the world in recent years are spelled out clearly in sections of the Koran and the Hadith and other holy works of Islam. They provide justification for ISIS and a hundred other groups that may or may not replace them, now and in the future. This cannot continue &#8212; unless we really do want to destroy ourselves. To be clear, this is not about bad people (many Muslims are fine human beings), but about a malignant ideology from the seventh century that must be expunged for the survival of all. But the majority of Western leaders don&rsquo;t want to know that.  In fact, I&rsquo;d wager that most have not even bothered to educate themselves in any serious way about Islam nearly sixteen years after 9/11 and with all the constant carnage that has gone on since and has been increasing significantly, not just in London and Manchester but virtually everywhere. These Westerners are not only willfully blind, they are suicidal.  But we cannot let them commit suicide for the rest of us.  They have to go. Similarly, the recent Paris climate accord is not only based on bad or &laquo;&nbsp;cooked&nbsp;&raquo; Climategate science, it is a deliberate conscious/unconscious deflection from the genuine &laquo;&nbsp;present danger&nbsp;&raquo; in front of us.  It is no more than obfuscation allowing moral narcissists to feel good about themselves, virtue signaling about an environmental armageddon that hasn&rsquo;t happened and may never happen while, in real life, people are actually murdered on London bridges and in Cairo churches. What we need now is an international terrorism accord &#8212; and, unlike the climate accord, a binding one &#8212; that would commit the world, including the Muslim nations themselves, to the complete reformation of Islam that is the necessary basis for an end to this terrorism. President Trump made a good start in Riyadh in his address to the Sunni leaders, but we must go much further.  It is correct that the Islamic world should be the ones to change their religion, but the rest of us on the planet are too affected by the results to stand by and wait.  From the horrifying (London this weekend) to the daily (the constant of indignity of being scanned at airports, concerts, museums, etc.), we are all victims of Islamic ideology.  We have a right, indeed an obligation, to participate in and demand its change. Otherwise, it will only get worse. Since Trump had the courage to open the discussion in Saudi Arabia, he should attempt to expand the dialogue and create this global accord. Egypt&rsquo;s el-Sisi would be a good partner because he already had the guts to criticize his own religion.  All should be invited, even those who would never come (like the mullahs).  All must confront the question of why Islam, unique among the world&rsquo;s religions today, has so much violence committed in its name. What is it about Islam that attracts this?  What therefore has to be changed, both in behavior and ideology ? (&#8230;) The time for diplomatic politesse is long over. Islam must be forced to join modernity. Reactionary multiculturalists among us must be ignored, along with their hypocritical (and nonsensical) belief that all religions are equal.  To do otherwise would be to treat Muslim people like children.  And that is what the West has been doing for some time &#8212; with atrocious results for all.</em> <a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2017/06/03/time-for-a-terrorism-accord-not-a-climate-accord/">Roger L Simon</a></h5>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Attention, un <a href="http://www.midilibre.fr/2016/08/02/apres-ses-derapages-donald-trump-tres-critique-par-hollande-et-obama,1375090.php">autoritarisme</a> peut en cacher un autre !</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Alors qu&rsquo;avec un <a href="http://www.francesoir.fr/societe-faits-divers/attentat-londres-la-troisieme-attaque-terroriste-en-moins-de-trois-mois-london-bridge-borough-market-manchester-ariana-grande-morts-blesses-assaillants-abattus-suspects-pont-westminster">troisième attentat</a> en moins de trois mois en Grande-Bretagne, l&rsquo;<a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/05/28/presidence-macron-cachez-ce-reel-que-je-ne-saurai-voir-its-postnationalism-stupid/">actualité</a> se charge de rappeler &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Contre l&rsquo;angélisme d&rsquo;une Merkel qui avait engagé tout un continent sans consulter personne dans la <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2015/09/23/crise-migratoire-cachez-cette-invasion-que-je-ne-saurai-voir-how-the-west-was-lost-a-political-and-media-potemkin-village-is-papering-over-a-potentially-irreversible-and-catastrophic-change-of-the/">folie migratoire</a> que l&rsquo;on sait &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">La <a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2017/06/03/time-for-a-terrorism-accord-not-a-climate-accord/">justesse</a> de la volonté du <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/02/14/presidence-trump-attention-un-fascisme-peut-en-cacher-un-autre-behind-the-lefts-constant-crying-wolf-trumps-actions-are-largely-an-extension-of-prior-temporary-policies-and-a-long-overd/">président Trump</a> de reprendre le <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/01/29/refugies-attention-une-preference-peut-en-cacher-une-autre-refugee-madness-our-tradition-has-never-been-an-unlimited-open-door-policy/">contrôle</a> de nos flux migratoires &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Et que pour protéger leur propre camp après le déni de <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/02/09/affaire-fillon-a-qui-profite-le-crime-cui-bono-hope-and-change-now-so-things-can-stay-as-they-are-tomorrow/">justice</a> et de <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/03/26/francois-fillon-president-contre-le-retour-de-la-stasi-maintenant-la-seule-veritable-alternance-cest-francois-fillon/">démocratie</a> que nous venons de vivre en France, l&rsquo;on voit nos nouveaux Fouquier-Tinville reprendre les mêmes <a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2017/05/31/richard-ferrand-se-defend-tout-ce-que-jai-fait-est-legal-pub_a_22118630/">arguments</a> que leur ancienne victime &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Qui prend la peine, avec <a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2017/06/01/paris-trump-blocks-first-of-obamas-three-authoritarianisms/">Roger L Simon</a>, de rappeler &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Entre photos délirantes de <a href="http://people.bfmtv.com/actualite-people/la-famille-trump-veut-ruiner-ma-vie-accuse-kathy-griffin-apres-avoir-pose-avec-la-tete-decapitee-du-president-1178272.html">tête ensanglantée</a> et duels dérisoires de<a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/politique/2079399-20170602-accord-paris-poignee-main-entre-macron-trump-decisive"> poignées de main</a> &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Qu&rsquo;à l&rsquo;instar de l&rsquo;<a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2015/09/25/heritage-obama-en-ouvrant-a-liran-la-voie-vers-larme-nucleaire-obama-a-transforme-les-conflits-lents-du-terrorisme-classique-en-crise-de-civilisations-catastrophique-obamas-geno/">accord nucléaire avec l&rsquo;Iran</a> comme de la mise sur <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2016/10/07/presidentielle-americaine-vous-avez-dit-fascisme-its-the-imperial-obama-presidency-model-stupid/">mise sur écoutes</a> massive et secrète d&rsquo;une bonne partie de ses <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2013/05/23/obama-ii-rattrape-par-les-scandales-obama-se-hollandise-a-la-vitesse-grand-v-obama-scandals-six-months-of-nixon-grade-cover-up-and-they-put-you-back-in-the-white-house/">compatriotes</a> &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Et sans parler de l&rsquo;<a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2012/04/17/obamacare-une-decision-inouie-et-sans-precedent-potus-vs-scous/">Obamacare</a> qui n&rsquo;avait obtenu aucune voix de l&rsquo;opposition &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Son <a href="https://jcdurbant.wordpress.com/2017/01/25/trump-limprobable-champion-dune-revanche-des-bouseux-que-personne-navait-vu-venir-how-a-lifelong-new-yorker-became-tribune-of-the-rustics-and-deplorables/">refus de punir Pittsburgh</a> pour <a href="http://www.lci.fr/international/elu-pour-representer-les-habitants-de-pittsburgh-donald-trump-s-attire-les-foudres-du-maire-de-la-ville-qui-suivra-l-accord-de-paris-2053972.html">ne pas désespérer Paris</a> &#8230;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Se trouve être l&rsquo;un trois domaines où son prédécesseur avait justement choisi de court-circuiter l&rsquo;aval du Congrès ?</p>
<p class="ab-testable" style="text-align:justify;"><a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2017/06/01/paris-trump-blocks-first-of-obamas-three-authoritarianisms/">P<strong>aris: Trump Blocks First of Obama&rsquo;s &lsquo;Three Authoritarianisms&rsquo;</strong></a></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Roger L Simon<br />
PJ media<br />
June 1, 2017</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sometimes &#8212; maybe almost always &#8212; the world seems to run on Freudian projection. One of the salient recent examples is Barack Obama&rsquo;s supporters &#8212; and Obama himself, literally and by implication &#8212; calling Donald Trump &laquo;&nbsp;authoritarian.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">But in <em>non-projected </em>reality, during <em>his</em> administration, Obama is the one who imposed what we might deem &#8212; in appropriately Maoist parlance &#8212; the &laquo;&nbsp;Three Authoritarianisms.&nbsp;&raquo; They were the Paris climate accord, the Iran deal, and US intelligence agencies being used to surveil American citizens.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">All three of these &laquo;&nbsp;authoritarianisms&nbsp;&raquo; were entirely ex-Constitutional.  The first two were in essence treaties on which Congress (and by extension the American people) never got to vote or, for that matter, discuss in any serious way.  The Paris accord probably would have failed. As for the Iran deal, we still don&rsquo;t know the full contents and therefore debating it is somewhat moot. We have, however, seen its consequences &#8212; corpses littered all across Syria, not to mention untold millions of refugees.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">Admittedly, too, the third of &laquo;&nbsp;Three Authoritarianisms&nbsp;&raquo; is still, shall we say, occluded.  We don&rsquo;t know the extent of this surveillance and may never. But this too is typical authoritarian behavior.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">Even a cursory look at history reveals that totalitarianism does not always come with the obvious iron fist of a Comrade Stalin.  Sometimes it arrives in a subtler manner, as it did in the Obama administration when the then president&rsquo;s amanuensis/lackey Ben Rhodes was so naive or arrogant (or both) as to brag to a <em>New York Times</em> writer how he duped young and uneducated reporters into parroting what the administration wanted them to say about the Iran deal.  The KGB couldn&rsquo;t have done it better.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">In the cases of Paris and Iran, it&rsquo;s clear the (totalitarian) decision to avoid Congress was deliberate.  But now Trump has put a crimp in the former by pulling out of the Paris climate (<em>né</em> global warming) accord. The international chorus of hissy fits was so instantaneous and predictable &#8212; no more eminent scientist than actor Mark Ruffalo has declared &laquo;&nbsp;Trump will have the death of whole nations on his hands&nbsp;&raquo; &#8212; one must ask the obligatory question: Was it ever really about climate or was it, in the immortal words of  H. L. Mencken, &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/532804-when-somebody-says-it-s-not-about-the-money-it-s-about" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">about the money</a>&laquo;&nbsp;?</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">I learned firsthand just how much it was the latter <a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2009/12/20/copenhagen-wrap-up-i-have-seen-the-future-and-it-stinks/">when covering COP15</a> &#8212; the UN climate conference in Copenhagen at the tail end of 2009.  That the event occurred in near-blizzard conditions with temperatures hovering close to single digits was the least of it.  As we all know, that&rsquo;s weather, not climate. Right?</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph" style="text-align:justify;">Naturally, most of the conference was deadly dull &#8212; except for watching junketing U.S. politicians scarfing down modernist Danish jewelry in the Marriott gift shop. But during one of the tedious panel discussions, I found myself sitting next to the representative of one of the Pacific islands said to be on the edge of being submerged.  A pleasant fellow, I engaged him in conversation, attempting to commiserate with him about the fate of his homeland. The diplomat started laughing. &laquo;&nbsp;Don&rsquo;t you believe in global warming?&nbsp;&raquo; I asked.  &laquo;&nbsp;It&rsquo;s nonsense,&nbsp;&raquo; he said.  He went to explain that his island was just fine.  They had some bad weather and had put up sandbags, but now they were gone.  So I then asked why he had come all the way from the South Pacific to Denmark and he looked at me in astonishment. &laquo;&nbsp;For the money,&nbsp;&raquo; he said, continuing to stare at me as if I were some kind of cretin who had wangled a press pass. (Okay, I wouldn&rsquo;t have been the first.)</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Voir aussi:</strong></p>
<div class="PostContent-header" style="text-align:justify;">
<aside class="PostBar"></aside>
<p class="PostContent-h1"><a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2017/06/04/291198-trump-face-a-lhypocrisie"><strong>Accord sur le climat : Trump face à l’hypocrisie</strong></a></p>
</div>
<div class="PostContent-lead js-textResizable" style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Le Président Donald Trump a annoncé que les États-Unis se retiraient de l’Accord de Paris. Le tollé qu’il suscite est-il vraiment justifié ?</p>
</div>
<div class="PostContent-body Text js-textResizable" style="text-align:justify;">
<p>Patrick Aulnas</p>
<p>Contrepoints</p>
<p>4 juin 2017</p>
<p>On est assez gênés par les gesticulations pitoyables de la classe politique française après le retrait des États-Unis de <a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2015/01/14/194419-propagande-climatique-le-climathon" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">l’accord de Paris sur le climat.</a> Il s’agit d’un non événement, mais nos politiciens doivent jouer le jeu de la dramatisation climatique pour mettre en évidence la colossale réussite française que représente ce fameux accord.</p>
<p><strong>L’accord de Paris, un engagement purement moral</strong></p>
<p>Comme chacun le sait, cet « accord historique » n’est qu’une déclaration d’intentions ne comportant aucun engagement juridique effectif. Selon l’article 2, le réchauffement climatique devra être contenu <em>« bien en deçà de 2°C »</em> par rapport à l’ère préindustrielle. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre devront atteindre <em>« un pic aussi rapidement que possible »</em>. Tous les cinq ans, un bilan sera effectué.</p>
<p>Les pays pauvres redoutant de retarder leur développement économique, il a été convenu qu’il serait tenu compte des <em>« circonstances nationales différentes »</em> pour apprécier les progrès. Les 100 milliards de dollars promis aux pays pauvres ne figurent pas dans l’accord proprement dit mais dans une annexe.</p>
<p>Autrement dit, il s’agit d’un engagement moral de mieux faire, rien de plus.</p>
<p><strong>L’honnêteté de Trump</strong></p>
<p>Dans ce contexte, le retrait des États-Unis représente l’honnêteté et les hauts cris des politiciens français, de droite comme de gauche, un exemple historique d’hypocrisie. Trump avait en effet annoncé la couleur au cours de sa campagne électorale. Il était opposé à tout ce galimatias de bonnes intentions. Il a eu le courage de mettre fin au mensonge que constituent des promesses qui, de toute évidence, ne seront pas tenues. Et il fallait un certain courage pour <a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2012/04/22/80358-les-12-mythes-de-lecologisme" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">affronter les gourous de l’écologisme mondial </a>qui ont fait beaucoup d’émules parmi les politiciens.</p>
<p><strong>La réalité économique résiste</strong></p>
<p>Évidemment le retrait américain gêne tous les adeptes de la nouvelle religion. Les adorateurs de Gaïa n’ont que le levier politico-éthique pour agir. Ils ont réussi à circonvenir un certain nombre de scientifiques et font désormais étalage des « conclusions scientifiques » sur le réchauffement climatique dans tous les médias.</p>
<p>Ils sont également parvenus à<a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2013/08/20/135397-quand-lultra-ecologie-bousille-leconomie" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> imposer de multiples normes </a>concernant les produits industriels (automobiles, appareils de chauffage, appareils électroménagers, etc.) par une propagande moralisatrice à laquelle l’opinion publique occidentale a été sensible. Les politiciens ont donc suivi par électoralisme. Mais la réalité économique leur résiste. Lorsqu’il s’agit de fabriquer, de créer une entreprise, d’innover, de trouver des salariés compétents, de se déplacer sur notre petite planète, les contraintes du réel l’emportent sur les bonnes résolutions idéologiques.</p>
<p><strong>Les bons et les méchants</strong></p>
<p>Il en résulte qu’obliger les États à s’engager moralement a une grande importance pour les idéologues de l’écologisme militant. Même si les engagements de l’accord de Paris restent flous, il sera possible à l’avenir de stigmatiser publiquement les pécheurs.</p>
<p>Par exemple, dans cinq ans, un premier bilan permettra de trier le bon grain de l’ivraie : les bons seront les pays ayant progressé (réduit leurs émissions) et les mauvais tous les autres. La propagande pourra ainsi se poursuivre sur les bases statistiques donnant un semblant de scientificité aux idéologues.</p>
<p><strong>Une méthode éprouvée</strong></p>
<p>Cette méthode éprouvée a déjà été utilisée récemment avec les constructeurs automobiles. Des normes très ambitieuses ayant été adoptées au niveau européen pour <a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2016/01/21/236119-ecologie-positive-une-bonne-bouffee-de-diesel" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">les rejets de particules des moteurs diesels</a>, il était impossible pour les constructeurs de maintenir les performances des véhicules tout en respectant la norme. Ils ont donc utilisé des subterfuges techniques pour contourner le problème.</p>
<p>Après des contrôles, Volkswagen (et d’autres) ont pu être dénoncés comme fraudeurs et stigmatisés sur tous les médias planétaires. Ceux qui savent construire des voitures confortables et rapides appartiennent ainsi au camp du mal. Ceux qui se contentent de rédiger quelques pages de normes techniques et de les faire avaliser par le conseil européen siègent dans le camp du bien.</p>
<p>Avec l’accord de Paris, l’enjeu était beaucoup plus important. Il s’agissait de permettre au clergé écologiste de classer les États eux-mêmes du côté du diable ou du côté du bon Dieu. On comprend la déception des dévots qui n’auront plus la suprême jouissance de faire des États-Unis le grand Satan.</p>
<p><strong>Puissance idéologique de l’écologisme</strong></p>
<p>La puissance de l’écologisme résulte ainsi de sa capacité à synthétiser une dimension religieuse, une dimension idéologique et une dimension scientifique. L’aspect religieux réside dans le manichéisme : le bien écologique s’oppose au mal industriel. L’aspect idéologique consiste à théoriser la société future puis à chercher à la construire par l’influence politique.</p>
<p>Cette société aura une caractéristique dominante : la science, la technique et l’économie seront entièrement déterminées par le politique (lois, normes, fiscalité, etc.). En général, les individus n’ayant pas perdu toute capacité de réflexion qualifient de dictature un tel régime politique. Mais la capacité de réflexion recule…</p>
<p>La science elle-même vient au secours de l’écologisme car elle lui fournit de multiples observations dans de très nombreux domaines. Il suffit de choisir les observations les plus significatives et de les compiler conformément à un résultat imposé idéologiquement pour obtenir<a href="https://www.contrepoints.org/2015/03/07/200348-climat-pourquoi-le-giec-doit-etre-demantele" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> les rapports du GIEC.</a></p>
<p><strong>Relativiser le dogme écologiste</strong></p>
<p>Trump, le rustre bien connu, n’a pas respecté le subtil agencement juridico-politico-éthique de l’écologisme militant. S’il ne s’agissait que de Trump, nos idéologues ne s’alarmeraient pas. Mais il s’agit de la première puissance économique mondiale. L’économie aurait-elle l’audace de relativiser le dogme écologiste ?</p>
<p><strong>Voir également:</strong></p>
</div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/ryan-lizza/how-climate-change-saved-steve-bannons-job"><strong>How Climate Change Saved Steve Bannon’s Job</strong></a><br />
Ryan Lizza<br />
The New Yorker<br />
June 2, 2017</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Trump makes decisions that align with Steve Bannon’s views not because he is being manipulated by him but because he agrees with him.</p>
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<p class="descender" style="text-align:justify;">Reports of Steve Bannon’s death were greatly exaggerated. Just a few weeks ago, President Trump’s chief political adviser and the most controversial figure in the West Wing was considered a spent force. Some reports said he was going to <a href="https://twitter.com/greta?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw&amp;ref_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redstate.com%2Fjaycaruso%2F2017%2F04%2F12%2Fis-steve-bannon-on-his-way-out%2F" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">resign</a>. Others predicted Trump was about to fire him. “Bannon is on his way out,” a person close to Bannon, who worked on the Trump campaign, predicted to me last month. “He’ll probably go back to Breitbart or do something with the Mercers”—<a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/03/27/the-reclusive-hedge-fund-tycoon-behind-the-trump-presidency">the billionaire political donors</a> who have funded Breitbart and several of Bannon’s other political projects—“but I think it’s sort of a fait accompli at this point, because of the infighting.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Trump himself strongly suggested, in mid-April, that Bannon’s White House service was approaching its end. He <a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-says-he-offered-china-better-trade-terms-in-exchange-for-help-on-north-korea-1492027556" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">told</a> the <em>Wall Street Journal</em> that Bannon was simply “a guy who works for me.” When the New York <em>Post </em><a href="http://nypost.com/2017/04/11/trump-wont-definitively-say-he-still-backs-bannon/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">asked</a> Trump if he “still has confidence in Bannon,” Trump declined to say yes. “I like Steve, but you have to remember he was not involved in my campaign until very late,” the President told the newspaper. “I had already beaten all the senators and all the governors, and I didn’t know Steve. I’m my own strategist, and it wasn’t like I was going to change strategies because I was facing crooked Hillary.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The roots of Bannon’s alleged demise were the long-running battle he was waging with the so-called “globalist” faction in the White House, led by Trump’s son-in-law, Jared Kusher. For the past two years, one rule has defined Trumpland: if you cross Kushner or his wife, Ivanka Trump, you get fired. That’s how Bannon got his job in the first place. Kushner ousted Trump’s first campaign manager, Corey Lewandowski, who was replaced by Paul Manafort. Eventually, Manafort lost Kushner’s confidence and was replaced by the team of Bannon and Kellyanne Conway, who were strongly backed by the Mercers. “When Corey was leaking bad stuff about Jared: bye, bye, Corey Lewandowski,” the Trump adviser said. “So Steve is leaking bad stuff about Jared: bye, bye, Steve Bannon.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Earlier this spring, when the <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/steve-bannon-is-losing-to-the-globalists">press was filled</a> with accounts of Bannon’s looming dismissal, other Trump advisers noted that the stories were overblown. “Everyone is saying, ‘Oh, there’s been a shift, Bannon is on his way out,’ ” a Republican close to the White House told me at the time, referring sarcastically to the rumors. “No, he’s not. Bannon is still there. And he’s still the main adviser to the President of the United States. And I believe that there’s always going to be this fight between these different wings of really different philosophies for him. And that’s how the President wants it.”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">More recently, there have been nearly weekly reports of a dramatic White House shakeup. Trump’s senior advisers—people like Sean Spicer, Reince Priebus, Conway, and Bannon—are routinely described as being on their way out. Much of this information comes from Trump advisers in competing factions, inside and outside the White House, who are trying to push rivals to the exits. <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/ryan-lizza/steve-bannon-and-reince-priebuss-war-for-the-white-house">Reporting</a> on Trump’s inner circle is akin to writing dispatches from inside a hall of mirrors. Aides regularly lie, distort, and feed journalists misinformation. “It’s easier to understand the papal elections than to understand these fucking nut cases,” the Trump adviser who believed Bannon would soon be fired said.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Two important things changed since the “Bannon is dead” narrative took hold, in April. The first is the <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/ryan-lizza/trumps-damning-responses-to-the-russia-investigation">Russia investigation</a>. So far, Bannon has not been connected to the investigation. He joined the campaign after Carter Page and Roger Stone, two early Trump campaign advisers caught up in the probe, left, and right before Manafort, who is a major focus of the F.B.I. investigation, resigned. Bannon is close to <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/02/27/michael-flynn-general-chaos">Michael Flynn</a>—Trump’s former national-security adviser and the person who so far seems to be in the most legal jeopardy—but no reports have emerged that he was involved in Flynn’s meetings with the Russians.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">That’s not the case for <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/how-worried-should-jared-kushner-be">Kushner</a>. Just as Bannon seemed to reach a low point in his relationship with Trump, Kushner’s role in the Russia probe emerged as the most important piece of White House intrigue. Kushner, though he didn’t have the title, was the Trump campaign’s de-facto campaign manager. He was at Trump’s side through the eras of Stone, Page, and Manafort. And more important, <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/jared-kushners-russia-problems">as we learned last Friday</a>, Kushner was working closely with Flynn, during the transition, on his dealings with the Russians, and he has attracted a similar level of interest from the F.B.I.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The second change since Bannon’s low point was that a decision on whether to withdraw from <a href="http://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/au-revoir-trump-exits-the-paris-climate-accord">the Paris climate accord</a> finally needed to be made. It was the most important fight pitting Bannon against Jared and Ivanka yet. And it played to all of Bannon’s strengths. The first Trump adviser described Kushner and Ivanka as “more or less Trump’s conscience,” and as “more pragmatic, a little less ideological,” or perhaps “multi-ideological.” Bannon, he said, “speaks to Trump’s id.”</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">A third Trump adviser, more closely aligned with the Bannon faction, was less charitable. “I think Jared and Ivanka are concerned with being accepted in the right places, they care about what the beautiful people think,” he said. “They care about being well received in the Upper West Side cocktail parties. They view Steve as a man with dirty fingernails, with some weird, crazy, extremist philosophy they don’t think is in the best interest of the President. With all respect to them, they don’t understand how Trump got elected. They don’t understand the forces behind it, they don’t understand the dynamics of the situation, and they certainly don’t understand his appeal and the people who voted for him—they can’t understand it.” He added, “They would like the President to be more like George Bush: one-dimensional, predictable, neocon, mainstream.”</p>
<p class="p1" style="text-align:justify;"><span class="s1">A White House official insisted that Jared and Ivanka’s role in the climate debate has been misunderstood and exaggerated. “Jared believes that it’s a bad deal and that the standards were too high and could hurt the economy. But his preference would have been to stay in,” the White House official said. “Ivanka’s preference was to stay in, but she saw her role as setting up a process inside and outside the government to get information to her father from all sides of the issue.”</span></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Bannonism always thrives in the Trump White House when it can serve as a political accelerant for Trump, who, at the time of his decision on Thursday, was confronting a continued <a href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/donald-trumps-base-is-shrinking/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">erosion of support</a> from his own base, a widening Russia probe, and a stalled agenda in Congress.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">On the climate accord, Kushner and Ivanka hardly had a chance. Bannon’s nationalism, especially when it comes to trade and immigration, is still not widely supported in the Republican establishment and conservative donor class. But when Bannon’s views line up with those of Republican leaders and donors—not to mention those of Trump—he almost always prevails. If Trump had taken the less extreme course on climate advised by his daughter and son-in-law, he would have been breaking a campaign promise and going against the wishes of the entire G.O.P. leadership. In addition, Trump, who knows little about policy, is famously narcissistic, and, easily influenced by personal slights, reportedly was perturbed by a remark from Emmanuel Macron, the French President, who <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/28/emmanuel-macron-my-handshake-with-trump-was-a-moment-of-truth" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">said</a> he intentionally made a show of forcefully shaking Trump’s hand at the recent G7 summit. Trump also <a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/inside-trumps-climate-decision-after-fiery-debate-he-stayed-where-hes-always-been/2017/06/01/e4acb27e-46db-11e7-bcde-624ad94170ab_story.html?hpid=hp_hp-top-table-main_parisreconstruct-850pm%3Ahomepage%2Fstory&amp;utm_term=.deef7aaf108f" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">reportedly</a> believed that angering Europe was a “secondary benefit” of pulling out of the accord.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Given these circumstances, Bannon could not have had a stronger hand to play in this fight. Still, the climate decision is ultimately the responsibility of Trump himself, not of any single adviser. Trump generally makes decisions that align with Bannon’s views not because he is being manipulated by him but because he agrees with him.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Republican close to the White House described Bannon and Trump’s relationship metaphorically: “Imagine you have a seventy-something-year-old very strong personality in the family,” the Republican said. “And he’s got his golfing buddy who is his best friend. And they go off golfing and drinking and smoking cigars. What he really wants to do is smoke cigars. But the family is telling him, ‘Smoking cigars is really bad for you and the doctor told you not to do it.’ He’s, like, ‘I know, I know.’ ”</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">“So when he’s around his family, he’s, like, ‘Look, I’m not smoking cigars!’ And then he goes off with his golf buddy. And guess what they do? They fucking light up cigars, because that’s actually who he is and what he thinks. And Bannon is like his golfing buddy that he goes and smokes cigars with. That’s actually who he is.”</p>
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<p>Ryan Lizza is the Washington correspondent for <em>The New Yorker</em>, and also an on-air contributor for CNN.</p>
<p><strong>Voir de même:</strong></p>
<p><a href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/paris-climate-discord-1496272448"><strong>Paris Climate Discord U.S. emissions targets could trap Trump if he stays in the accord.</strong></a><br />
Ruth King</p>
<p>May 31st, 2017</p>
<p>President Trump and his advisers are debating whether to withdraw the U.S. from the Paris climate accord, and if he does the fury will be apocalyptic—start building arks for the catastrophic flood. The reality is that withdrawing is in America’s economic interest and won’t matter much to the climate.</p>
<p>President Obama signed the agreement last September, albeit by ducking the two-thirds majority vote in the Senate required under the Constitution for such national commitments. The pact includes a three-year process for withdrawal, which Mr. Trump could short-circuit by also pulling out of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.</p>
<p>Paris was supposed to address the failures of the 1997 Kyoto protocol, which Bill Clinton signed but George W. Bush refused to implement amid similar outrage. The Kyoto episode is instructive because the U.S. has since reduced emissions faster than much of Europe thanks to business innovation—namely, hydraulic fracturing that is replacing coal with natural gas.<br />
While legally binding, Kyoto’s CO 2 emissions targets weren’t strictly enforced. European countries that pursued aggressive reductions were engaging in economic masochism. According to a 2014 Manhattan Institute study, the average cost of residential electricity in 2012 was 12 cents per kilowatt hour in the U.S. but an average 26 cents in the European Union and 35 cents in Germany. The average price of electricity in the EU soared 55% from 2005 to 2013.</p>
<p>Yet Germany’s emissions have increased in the last two years as more coal is burned to compensate for reduced nuclear energy and unreliable solar and wind power. Last year coal made up 40% of Germany’s power generation compared to 30% for renewables, while state subsidies to stabilize the electric grid have grown five-fold since 2012.</p>
<p>But the climate believers tried again in Paris, this time with goals that are supposedly voluntary. China and India offered benchmarks pegged to GDP growth, which means they can continue their current energy plans. China won’t even begin reducing emissions until 2030 and in the next five years it will use more coal.</p>
<p>President Obama, meanwhile, committed the U.S. to reducing emissions by between 26% and 28% below 2005 levels by 2025. This would require extreme changes in energy use. Even Mr. Obama’s bevy of anti-carbon regulations would get the U.S. to a mere 45% of its target.</p>
<p>Meeting the goals would require the Environmental Protection Agency to impose stringent emissions controls on vast stretches of the economy including steel production, farm soil management and enteric fermentation (i.e., cow flatulence). Don’t laugh—California’s Air Resources Board is issuing regulations to curb bovine burping to meet its climate goals.</p>
<p>Advocates in the White House for remaining in Paris claim the U.S. has the right to unilaterally reduce Mr. Obama’s emissions commitments. They say stay in and avoid the political meltdown while rewriting the U.S. targets.</p>
<p>But Article 4, paragraph 11 of the accord says “a party may at any time adjust its existing nationally determined contribution with a view to enhancing its level of ambition.” There is no comparable language permitting a reduction in national targets.</p>
<p>Rest assured that the Sierra Club and other greens will sue under the Section 115 “international air pollution” provision of the Clean Air Act to force the Trump Administration to enforce the Paris standards. The “voluntary” talk will vanish amid the hunt for judges to rule that Section 115 commands the U.S. to reduce emissions that “endanger” foreign countries if those countries reciprocate under Paris. After his experience with the travel ban, Mr. Trump should understand that legal danger.<br />
***<br />
The Big Con at the heart of Paris is that even its supporters concede that meeting all of its commitments won’t prevent more than a 0.17 degree Celsius increase in global temperatures by 2100, far less than the two degrees that is supposedly needed to avert climate doom.</p>
<p>It’s also rich for Europeans to complain about the U.S. abdicating climate leadership after their regulators looked the other way as auto makers, notably Volkswagen , cheated on emissions tests. This allowed Europeans to claim they were meeting their green goals without harming the competitiveness of their auto makers. The EPA had to shame the EU into investigating the subterfuge.</p>
<p>The U.S. legal culture will insist on carbon compliance even if Europe and China cheat. Even if Mr. Trump would succeed in rewriting U.S. emissions targets, his predecessor could ratchet them back up. That possibility might deter some companies from investing in long-term fossil-fuel production.</p>
<p>The simplest decision is to make a clean break from Paris. But if Mr. Trump doesn’t want to take the political heat for withdrawing on his own, here’s a compromise: Atone for Mr. Obama’s dereliction and submit Paris to the Senate for approval as a treaty. Then we can see whether anticarbon virtue-signaling beats real-world economic costs for Democrats from energy states like Heidi Heitkamp (North Dakota), Joe Manchin (West Virginia) and Joe Donnelly (Indiana).</p>
<p><strong>Voir de plus:</strong></p>
<p><a href="http://www.hoover.org/research/trump-our-claudius?utm_source=hdr&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=2017-06-02"><strong>Trump… Our Claudius</strong></a><br />
Victor Davis Hanson</p>
<p>Hoover</p>
<p>02/06/2017</p>
<p>The Roman Emperor Claudius, who reigned from 41 to 54 AD, was never supposed to be emperor. He came to office at age 50, an old man in Roman times. Claudius succeeded the charismatic, youthful heartthrob Caligula—son of the beloved Germanicus and the “little boot” who turned out to be a narcissist monster before being assassinated in office.</p>
<p>Claudius was an unusual emperor, the first to be born outside Italy, in Roman Gaul. Under the Augustan Principate, new Caesars—who claimed direct lineage from the “divine” Augustus—were usually rubber-stamped by the toadyish Senate. However, the outsider Claudius (who had no political training and was prevented by his uncle Tiberius from entering the cursus honorum), was brought into power by the Roman Praetorian Guard, who wanted a change from the status quo apparat of the Augustan dynasty.</p>
<p>The Roman aristocracy—most claiming some sort of descent from Julius Caesar and his grandnephew Octavian (Caesar Augustus)—had long written Claudius off as a hopeless dolt. Claudius limped, the result of a childhood disease or genetic impairment. His mother Antonia, ashamed of his habits and appearance, called the youthful Claudius “a monster of man.” He was likely almost deaf and purportedly stuttered.</p>
<p>That lifelong disparagement of his appearance and mannerisms probably saved Claudius’s life in the dynastic struggles during the last years of the Emperor Augustus and the subsequent reigns of the emperors Tiberius and Caligula.</p>
<p>The stereotyped impression of Claudius was that of a simpleton not to be taken seriously—and so no one did. Claudius himself claimed that he feigned acting differently in part so that he would not be targeted by enemies before he assumed power, and to unnerve them afterwards.</p>
<p>Contemporary critics laughed at his apparent lack of eloquence and rhetorical mastery, leading some scholars to conjecture that he may have suffered from Tourette syndrome or a form of autism. The court biographer Suetonius wrote that Claudius “was now careful and shrewd, sometimes hasty and inconsiderate, occasionally silly and like a crazy man.”</p>
<p>Sound familiar?</p>
<p>Roman intellectuals hated Claudius, who hit back blow-for-blow at them for their slights and snark, and showed no mercy to plotters and conspiracists. After Claudius’s death, the court toady and philosopher Seneca—pal of Claudius’s successor, the sinister and murderous Nero—wrote a cruel satire on Claudius’s supposed crudity and buffoonery. Seneca’s Apocolyncotosis (The “Gourdification” of the Divine Claudius) mocks Claudius’s halting speech and off-putting mannerisms. He also poked fun at Claudius’s lowbrow friends, and his penchant for crass popular entertainment.</p>
<p>Later Roman historians, drawing on now lost contemporary accounts of Claudius, reflect the same prejudices. In the biography of Suetonius and throughout the Annals of the historian Tacitus, the accidental emperor Claudius comes off as little more than an impulsive bumbler, an accidental emperor who came to power on a fluke and whose lack of Julian elegance made him more a buffoon than the head of the global Roman Empire of some 60 million citizens.</p>
<p>Claudius’s 50 years of private life before becoming emperor were also the stuff of court gossip and ridicule. He would marry four times and was often flattered and manipulated by younger women.</p>
<p>Modern historians, however, have corrected that largely negative view and ancient bias.</p>
<p>Claudius’s rule of some 13 years as emperor was marked by financial reforms and restoration after the disastrous reign of the spendthrift Caligula. Claudius-haters like Seneca, Suetonius, and Tacitus focused mostly on Claudius as the uncouth outsider—and overlooked what he had done for Rome after the disasters of the Caligula regime.</p>
<p>The empire under Claudius grew and was largely at peace. Rome annexed Britain, and added a variety of border provinces in the east. While court insiders and gossipers ridiculed Claudius’s supposed ineptness, he nonetheless assembled one of the most gifted staffs of advisers and operatives—many of them freed slaves—in the history of the Julio-Claudian and Flavian dynasties.</p>
<p>Claudius was foremost a builder and a pragmatist. Some of the Roman Empire’s most impressive archaeological remains (such as the Aqua Claudia and Aqua Anio Novus aqueducts and the reconstituted port at Ostia) date from his reign, as he focused on constructing new infrastructure and improving Roman roads, bridges, ports, and aqueducts.</p>
<p>The early few months of the Trump presidency are, in many ways, Claudian. Trump is likewise an outsider who, in the view of the Washington aristocracy, should never have been president.</p>
<p>The thrice-married Trump was supposedly too old, too crude, too coarse, and too reckless in his past private life. His critics now allege that the blunt-talking Trump suffers from some sort of psychological or physical ailment, given that his accent, diction, grammar, and general manner of speaking, as well as his comportment, just don’t seem presidential.</p>
<p>If Claudius constantly scribbled down observations on imperial life (unfortunately now mostly lost), Trump is an incessant tweeter, who daily issues forth a litany of impromptu impressions, half-baked thoughts, and assertions—that are likewise the stuff of ridicule by journalists.</p>
<p>The media and the Washington establishment—like Claudius’s elite critics, Seneca, Suetonius, and Tacitus—focus mostly on the psychodramas of the president. But while they obsess over the frequent absence of First Lady Melania, Trump’s two-scoop ice cream deserts, the supposed undue and sinister influence of Trump’s daughter Ivanka and son-in-law Jared Kushner, the insider spats between the New York moderates and the Steve Bannon true-blue populists, the assorted firings of former Obama appointees, and investigations of Trump associates—the American government, like Rome under Claudius, goes on.</p>
<p>Critics also miss the fact that Trump is not a catalyst but a reflection of contemporary culture, in the way that the world portrayed in Petronius’s Satyricon both pre- and postdated Claudius. The Neroian crudity, obscenity, and vulgarity of a Madonna, Bill Maher, or Steven Colbert—or DNC head Tom Perez or California Senator Kamala Harris—had nothing to do with Donald Trump.</p>
<p>The real story of the Trump administration is not the messy firing of James Comey or the hysterical attacks on Trump by the media, or even his own shoot-from-the-hip excesses. Rather Trump, also like Claudius, has assembled a first-rate team of advisors and cabinet officials.</p>
<p>Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, Defense Secretary James Mattis, National Security Advisor H.R. McMaster, and Homeland Security Director John Kelly—and the dozens of professionals who work for them—comprise the most astute and experienced group of strategists, diplomats, world travelers, and foreign policy thinkers since the Truman and Eisenhower administrations.</p>
<p>Never have so many cabinet officers been given such responsibility and autonomy. It is unlikely that a Mattis or McMaster—outsiders who lack bureaucratic portfolios—would have ever held such office under either a progressive Democratic president or an establishment Republican one. A mercurial and unpredictable president gives a Secretary of Defense or State more leverage abroad than does an apologetic sounding and predictably complacent Commander in Chief. The result is a recovering military and a slow restoration of American deterrence abroad that will ultimately make the world safer and the need for America to intervene less likely.</p>
<p>Trump’s Justice Department under former Senator Jeff Sessions and his Deputy Rod Rosenstein is likewise a vast improvement over the one headed by Eric Holder and Loretta Lynch, which politicized and even nullified federal law.</p>
<p>So far, any diagnosis of what our contemporary Claudius has done in his first three months rather than what he has said—or what the media says he has said or done—suggests national improvement.</p>
<p>The stock market is up over the last four month. Unemployment is down. Labor participation is inching up. Business confidence polls stronger. Illegal immigration has dropped by 70 percent. Federal revenues are increasing while federal spending is declining. Neil Gorsuch and other federal judicial appointees are being roundly praised. Local police and federal law enforcement officials are re-enthused after years of demoralization.</p>
<p>Trump’s executive orders on the Keystone and Dakota pipelines, and the reenergized support for the coal industry, will bring more jobs and lower energy costs. Industries like steel, aluminum, and beef are talking about exporting and hiring in a way that they have not in years. While the media caricatures Trump’s propensity to jawbone companies about outsourcing jobs abroad, corporations themselves see executive orders on deregulation, promises of tax reform, and a new attitude of “America first” as incentives to stay home and hire Americans.</p>
<p>Talking heads cringe after watching network interviews of Trump (who unlike former President Obama will talk off-the-cuff to almost anyone at any time anywhere about anything). Smug authors pen long exposes of Trump’s buffoonery in Washington and New York magazines. Yet we should no more believe that their satires of Trump, the man, are an accurate window into the Trump agenda or record than was Seneca’s Apocolyncotosis a reliable account of the reign of Claudius.</p>
<p>From what we can tell, the more Rome prospered under Claudius, the more the imperial court grew to despise him—as if his odd mannerisms and the even odder way he came to power could not be squared with the able administration of a far-flung empire over the 13 years of his reign.</p>
<p>In the end, Claudius was likely murdered by dynastic rivals and relatives who thought that a young, glib, handsome, intellectual, and artistic Nero would be a pleasant relief from the awkwardness, bluntness, and weirdness of Claudius. What followed was the triumph of artists, intellectuals, stylish aristocrats, obsequious dynastic insiders, and flatterers—many of them eventually to be consumed by the reign of terror they so eagerly helped to usher in.</p>
<p><strong>Voir encore:</strong></p>
</div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Accord de Paris: La poignée de main entre Macron et Trump aurait été «décisive»</strong></p>
<p class="hat" style="text-align:justify;"><strong class="hat-label">DÉCISION</strong> <span class="hat-summary">Cette poignée de main aurait « déconcerté » et « irrité » Donald Trump…</span></p>
<div class="lt-content w66" style="text-align:justify;">
<p>20 minutes</p>
<p>02.06.2017</p>
<p>La poignée de main échangée entre <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/politique/emmanuel-macron/">Emmanuel Macron</a> et <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/dossier/donald_trump">Donald Trump</a> lors de leur rencontre à Bruxelles aurait « irrité » le président américain, révèle le <em>Washington Post</em>.</p>
<p><img src="image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw==" /></p>
<p>Alors que beaucoup parlaient d’une poignée de main « gagnée » par Emmanuel Macron, Donald Trump se serait « vengé » en se retirant de l’accord de Paris. « Trump a eu sa revanche », écrit le journal américain.</p>
<p><strong>Cette poignée de main n’avait rien « d’innocent »</strong></p>
<p>Pendant sa campagne, Donald Trump avait promis le retrait des Etats-Unis de l’accord de Paris. Mais depuis plusieurs semaines, conseillé par sa fille Ivanka, le chef d’Etat avait, semble-t-il, changé d’avis. Plus modérée que son père, Ivanka Trump lui aurait demandé de ne pas s’opposer à cet accord historique et international. Mais ce jeudi, les événements ont pris une tout autre tournure quand <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/planete/2079079-20170601-accord-paris-decision-donald-trump-suivre-direct-21h00">le milliardaire a finalement annoncé le retrait des Etats-Unis de l&rsquo;accord de Paris</a>. Et selon le <em>Washington Post</em>, cette décision aurait été, en partie, influencée par la mémorable poignée de main entre Donald Trump et Emmanuel Macron  <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/monde/2075015-20170525-video-premiere-rencontre-entre-donald-trump-emmanuel-macron-bruxelles">lors de leur première rencontre en marge d’un sommet de l’Otan à Bruxelles fin mai</a>.</p>
<p>Depuis son élection, <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/high-tech/2014315-20170214-video-etats-unis-serrer-main-donald-trump-epreuve-interlocuteurs">les poignées de main entre le président américain et les autres dirigeants</a> sont l’occasion pour lui de montrer sa « poigne » politique. Excepté pour le nouveau président français, qui n’a pas voulu se laisser décontenancé, serrant aussi fort que son rival américain. <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/high-tech/2075203-20170526-macron-remporte-duel-poignee-main-face-trump">Dans ce match, les médias avaient donné Emmanuel Macron gagnant</a>. Une situation qui n’aurait pas plu à Donald Trump, d’autant plus que le président français a affirmé que <a href="http://www.20minutes.fr/politique/2075755-20170528-emmanuel-macron-poignee-main-trump-innocent">cette poignée de main n’avait rien « d’innocent »</a>.</p>
<p>Selon une source à la Maison Blanche, ce commentaire d’Emmanuel Macron aurait « déconcerté » et « irrité » Donald Trump, rapporte le média américain. Lors de l’annonce du retrait de l&rsquo;accord de Paris, le président américain a déclaré avoir « été élu pour représenter les habitants de Pittsburgh, pas de Paris ».</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Voir encore:</strong></p>
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<p class="ab-testable"><a href="https://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2017/06/03/time-for-a-terrorism-accord-not-a-climate-accord/"><strong>Time for a Terrorism Accord, Not a Climate Accord</strong></a></p>
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<div class="author">Roger L Simon</div>
<div class="author"><span class="date date-formatted">PJ media</span></div>
<div class="author"><span class="date date-formatted">June 3, 2017</span></div>
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<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">Yes, there&rsquo;s a threat to civilization and it&rsquo;s not global warming, manmade or otherwise.  And anyone who isn&rsquo;t comatose should know what it is.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">Islam, like cancer, needs a cure. And we all  have to participate in the search for one before it&rsquo;s too late.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">Yes, this is about Islam, not &laquo;&nbsp;radical&nbsp;&raquo; Islam or some other off-shoot, real or imagined, because the tenets that have inspired the non-stop spate of terrorism across the world in recent years are spelled out clearly in sections of the Koran and the Hadith and other <a href="http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/pages/quran/violence.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">holy works of Islam</a>. They provide justification for ISIS and a hundred other groups that may or may not replace them, now and in the future. This cannot continue &#8212; unless we really do want to destroy ourselves.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">To be clear, this is not about bad people (many Muslims are fine human beings), but about a <em>malignant ideology</em> from the seventh century that must be expunged for the survival of all.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">But the majority of Western leaders don&rsquo;t want to know that.  In fact, I&rsquo;d wager that most have not even bothered to educate themselves in any serious way about Islam nearly sixteen years after 9/11 and with all the constant carnage that has gone on since and has been increasing significantly, not just in London and Manchester but <a href="https://www.thereligionofpeace.com/attacks/attacks.aspx?Yr=Last30" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">virtually everywhere</a>.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">These Westerners are not only willfully blind, they are suicidal.  But we cannot let them commit suicide for the rest of us.  They have to go.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">Similarly, the recent Paris climate accord is not only based on bad or &laquo;&nbsp;cooked&nbsp;&raquo; Climategate science, it is a deliberate conscious/unconscious deflection from the genuine &laquo;&nbsp;present danger&nbsp;&raquo; in front of us.  It is no more than obfuscation allowing moral narcissists to feel good about themselves, virtue signaling about an environmental armageddon that hasn&rsquo;t happened and may never happen while, in real life, people are actually murdered on London bridges and in Cairo churches.</p>
<p>What we need now is an international terrorism accord &#8212; and, unlike the climate accord, a binding one &#8212; that would commit the world, including the Muslim nations themselves, to the complete reformation of Islam that is the necessary basis for an end to this terrorism.</p>
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<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">President Trump made a good start in Riyadh in his address to the Sunni leaders, but we must go much further.  It is correct that the Islamic world should be the ones to change their religion, but the rest of us on the planet are too affected by the results to stand by and wait.  From the horrifying (London this weekend) to the daily (the constant of indignity of being scanned at airports, concerts, museums, etc.), we are all victims of Islamic ideology.  We have a right, indeed an obligation, to participate in and demand its change. Otherwise, it will only get worse.</p>
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<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">Since Trump had the courage to open the discussion in Saudi Arabia, he should attempt to expand the dialogue and create this global accord. Egypt&rsquo;s el-Sisi would be a good partner because he already had the guts to criticize his own religion.  All should be invited, even those who would never come (like the mullahs).  All must confront the question of why Islam, unique among the world&rsquo;s religions today, has so much violence committed in its name. What is it about Islam that attracts this?  What therefore has to be changed, both in behavior and ideology?</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">The event should be public, with Islam ultimately made to pledge itself to human rights as accepted by the West &#8212; equal rights for women and homosexuals, separation of church (mosque) and state, no discrimination based on race or religion (why no churches allowed in Saudi Arabia?), etc. &#8212; not the absurd Orwellian version of human rights promulgated the UN Human Rights Council.</p>
<p class="newLineContentFilterParagraph">This <em>demand</em> should be made to all quarters of the Islamic world with economic punishment applied if necessary.  The time for diplomatic politesse is long over. Islam must be forced to join modernity. Reactionary multiculturalists among us must be ignored, along with their hypocritical (and nonsensical) belief that all religions are equal.  To do otherwise would be to treat Muslim people like children.  And that is what the West has been doing for some time &#8212; with atrocious results for all.</p>
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<div class="popular-box-comments-container" style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Voir par ailleurs:</strong></div>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Goodbye to values</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><a href="http://www.economist.com/news/international/21722834-past-presidents-believed-american-power-should-be-used-force-good?fsrc=scn/fb/te/bl/ed/goodbyetovaluesamericasforeignpolicyembracethugsdictatorsandstrongmen"><strong>America’s foreign policy: embrace thugs, dictators and strongmen</strong></a><br />
Past presidents believed that American power should be used as a force for good in the world. Not Donald Trump</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The Economist</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">June 1, 2017</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">ON APRIL 29th Donald Trump rang Rodrigo Duterte, the president of the Philippines. According to a leaked transcript, he said: “I just want to congratulate you because I am hearing of the unbelievable job on the drug problem.” Since Mr Duterte was elected in June last year, his anti-drugs campaign has led to the killing of around 9,000 people, mainly petty dealers and users. A couple of weeks earlier, Mr Trump had called the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to congratulate him on winning a referendum granting him sweeping new powers. Since an attempted coup last year, more than 100,000 Turks have been arrested or detained: the judiciary has been shredded, journalists jailed and media outlets shut down</p>
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<p>Last week, in Saudi Arabia on the first leg of a nine-day foreign trip, Mr Trump praised Egypt’s president, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi (pictured). “Safety seems to be very strong” in Egypt, he gushed. Mr Sisi’s regime has locked up tens of thousands of dissidents. Not once in Saudi Arabia did Mr Trump raise the kingdom’s habit of flogging, torturing and not letting people choose their government, preferring to trumpet a $110bn arms deal: “Hundreds of billions of dollars of investments into the United States and jobs, jobs, jobs.”</p>
<p>Mr Trump’s meetings later in his trip with NATO and G7 heads of government were, by contrast, sour affairs. The pattern is clear: this is a president who gets on better with authoritarian regimes than America’s traditional democratic partners.</p>
<p>Mr Trump’s secretary of state, Rex Tillerson, conveyed a similar impression to his department’s employees on May 3rd. He used the loaded phrase “America First”—coined by isolationists seeking to keep America out of the second world war—to define the new administration’s foreign policy. Central to his theme was that the pursuit of interests must take precedence over the promotion of values. Diplomats could express support for democracy, the rule of law and human rights, but only if that did not put an “obstacle” in the way of national-security and economic interests.</p>
<p>This represents a rupture with at least four decades of bipartisan consensus in favour of liberal internationalism. Far from conflicting with America’s interests, argues Ted Piccone, a former foreign policy adviser in the Clinton administration now at the Brookings Institution, advancing normative values is essential to those interests, and is the basis for America’s national prestige and international legitimacy.</p>
<p>In a recent article Eliot Cohen, an adviser to the State Department under George Bush junior, observed that open societies governed by the rule of law “make infinitely better allies in the long run than thugs sitting on powder kegs”. America has always based its foreign policy on national interests, says Shannon Green of the Centre for Strategic and International Studies, but until now has seen advocating human rights as complementary to those interests. It had relationships with dictators, for example to co-operate against terrorism, but it also criticised them.</p>
<p>John McCain, the Republican candidate for the White House in 2008, who was tortured while being held as a prisoner of war by the North Vietnamese, has condemned the purely “transactional” approach to foreign policy as “dangerous”. Responding to Mr Tillerson’s speech, he wrote that “Depriving the oppressed of a beacon of hope could lose us the world we have built and thrived in.” He knows from experience that jailers often say to prisoners that they have been forgotten. Soviet dissidents such as Natan Sharansky have told of the courage they drew from Ronald Reagan repeatedly calling for their release.</p>
<p>Good deeds in a naughty world</p>
<p>Mr Trump’s hostility towards refugees has dashed the hopes of vulnerable people, says Audrey Gaughran of Amnesty International, and his refusal to raise concerns about human rights signals to authoritarian regimes that they can oppress with impunity. She fears that if America no longer speaks up for human rights in international forums, the consensus on such things will be at risk. Ms Green points to people-trafficking as an issue where American engagement has made a big difference. Since 2000 America has produced a “Trafficking in Persons” report each year, which it uses to lobby other governments. In 2001 only 12 countries met the highest “tier 1” standard; now 36 do, and 169 are party to a UN protocol on trafficking.</p>
<p>America has had close relationships with odious regimes in the past, and has on occasion offered hypocritical justifications for self-interested policies. But the guiding principle, articulated by Woodrow Wilson a century ago, that it should use its power for good in the world has endured.</p>
<p>Dean Acheson, secretary of state in the early 1950s, described “the American idea” as an inspiration to people who could only “dream of freedom”. But he knew that dream was constrained by a nuclear-armed communist Russia. In reality, says Sir Lawrence Freedman, a British strategist and historian, the ideological struggle with the Soviet Union took precedence over human rights. A description of Anastasio Somoza, Nicaragua’s dictator, sometimes attributed to Harry Truman—“He’s a bastard, but he’s our bastard”—was often cited to excuse poor company. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger put reaching detente with the rival superpower ahead of what they saw as grandstanding on human rights.</p>
<p>A turning point came in 1975 when President Gerald Ford refused to meet Alexander Solzhenitsyn, an author who exposed the evils of the Soviet gulag. Conservative Republicans, such as Reagan, Jack Kemp and William Buckley, accused him of appeasement, as did Democrats, including Henry Jackson and Jimmy Carter. In a speech in 1977 Mr Carter marked a return to Wilsonianism: “It is a new world that calls for a new American foreign policy…We have reaffirmed America’s commitment to human rights as a fundamental tenet of our foreign policy.”</p>
<p>Although Mr Carter ran into difficulty over America’s support for the Shah of Iran, his vision was shared by his successor, Reagan. Liberals and conservatives had found something they could agree on. Human rights also helped win the cold war. The part of the Helsinki Final Act of 1975 (an accord between East and West) covering human rights did much to legitimise dissent in the Soviet empire.</p>
<p>In the early 1990s, with the cold war over, values-based foreign policy went into overdrive with what Tony Smith, a historian at Tufts University, calls neoWilsonianism. He argues that it rested on three ideas shared by neoconservatives and neoliberal interventionists. The first, “democratic peace theory”, held that as democracies did not wage war on each other, the more countries had democratic institutions, the more peaceful the world would be. The second, “democratic transition theory”, postulated a great global momentum towards democracy. The West, with its free-market economic model, primacy in multilateral organisations and human-rights pressure groups could accelerate the spread of democracy even in places with few of the institutional underpinnings. The third was “responsibility to protect” (known as R2P), a reworking of just war theory developed after the world’s failure to prevent the Rwandan genocide in 1994.</p>
<p>Together, these formed the framework for interventions in Bosnia, Sierra Leone and Kosovo. Britain’s prime minister, Tony Blair, a keen advocate of the new interventionism, laid out its principles in a speech in 1999 co-authored by Sir Lawrence. But early success spawned hubris. Combined with the “global war on terror” launched by George W. Bush after September 11th 2001, it led to flawed attempts at “nation-building” in Afghanistan and Iraq. Sir Lawrence says: “R2P pushed us into doing more than we reasonably could.”</p>
<p>Barack Obama did not resile from the human-rights agenda. But he became increasingly doubtful about using military force to buttress it. Ms Green, who served in the American agency for international development under Mr Obama, says he set great store by “civic-society engagement” to push authoritarian regimes towards international norms. He also believed that speaking out on human rights when meeting autocrats boosted campaigners, even when his lecturing grated.</p>
<p>Mr Obama was more of a Wilsonian than a neo-Wilsonian; his idealism tempered by a cool realism that verged on cynicism. For him the Middle East, exemplified by Libya, was a “shit show” that America could do little to change. But critics saw his reluctance to intervene in Syria as an abdication of American responsibility.</p>
<p>Mr Obama reflected a loss of confidence in the certainties of the neolibs and neocons. He may have allowed the pendulum to swing back too far, but he reflected the mood of war-weary voters. Mr Trump stands for something different and darker: a contemptuous repudiation of the use of American strength in the service of anything other than self-interest. His enthusiasm for a brute like Mr Duterte gives heart to brutes everywhere. The consequences for America’s power and influence are likely to be grave.</p>
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<p><strong>Voir enfin:</strong></p>
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<h1 class="article__headline"><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2016/08/just-90-companies-are-blame-most-climate-change-carbon-accountant-says?utm_source=sciencemagazine&amp;utm_medium=facebook-text&amp;utm_campaign=heede-6868">Just 90 companies are to blame for most climate change, this &lsquo;carbon accountant&rsquo; says</a></h1>
<p class="byline byline--article">Douglas Starr</p>
<p class="byline byline--article">Aug. 25, 2016</p>
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<p>Last month, geographer Richard Heede received a subpoena from Representative Lamar Smith (R-TX), chairman of the House of Representatives Committee on Science, Space, and Technology. Smith, a climate change doubter, became concerned when the attorneys general of several states launched investigations into whether ExxonMobil had committed fraud by sowing doubts about climate change even as its own scientists knew it was taking place. The congressman suspected a conspiracy between the attorneys general and environmental advocates, and he wanted to see all the communications among them. Predictably, his targets included advocacy organizations such as Greenpeace, 350.org, and the Union of Concerned Scientists. They also included Heede, who works on his own aboard a rented houseboat on San Francisco Bay in California.</p>
<p>Heede is less well known than his fellow recipients, but his work is no less threatening to the fossil fuel industry. Heede (pronounced &laquo;&nbsp;Heedie&nbsp;&raquo;) has compiled a massive database quantifying who has been responsible for taking carbon out of the ground and putting it into the atmosphere. Working alone, with uncertain funding, he spent years piecing together the annual production of every major fossil fuel company since the Industrial Revolution and converting it to carbon emissions.</p>
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<p id="heede_hed" class="int_hed graphic__header"><strong>Carbon dioxide emissions from Carbon Majors</strong></p>
<p id="heede_dek" class="int_dek">Heede&rsquo;s research shows that nearly two-thirds of anthropogenic carbon emissions originated in just 90 companies and government-run industries. Among them, the top eight companies &#8212; ranked according to annual and cumulative emissions below &#8212; account for 20 percent of world carbon emissions from fossil fuels and cement production since the Industrial Revolution.</p>
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<p>The results showed that nearly two-thirds of the major industrial greenhouse gas emissions (from fossil fuel use, methane leaks, and cement manufacture) originated in just 90 companies around the world, which either emitted the carbon themselves or supplied carbon ultimately released by consumers and industry. As Heede told <em>The Guardian</em> newspaper, you could take all the decision-makers and CEOs of these companies and fit them on a couple Greyhound buses.</p>
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<p style="text-align:justify;">The study provoked controversy when it was published in 2013, with some complaining that it unfairly held the fossil fuel industry responsible for the lifestyle choices made by billions of consumers. &laquo;&nbsp;It&rsquo;s a cop-out to blame the producers of products that we have demanded, and benefited from, for more than a century,&nbsp;&raquo; wrote Severin Borenstein, a business and public policy expert at the University of California (UC), Berkeley, in a blog post.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Others, however, saw the study as a turning point in the debate about apportioning responsibility for climate change. With traditional environmental issues, such as river pollution or toxic waste, it has always been possible to identify perpetrators who could be targeted for regulation or enforcement. But greenhouse gases are emitted everywhere, in every process that involves combustion. &laquo;&nbsp;For decades there&rsquo;s been a persistent myth that everyone is responsible, and if everyone is responsible then no one is responsible,&nbsp;&raquo; says Carroll Muffett, president and CEO of the Center for International Environmental Law in Washington, D.C., who also serves on the board of a nonprofit that Heede co-founded. &laquo;&nbsp;Rick&rsquo;s work for the first time identifies a discrete class of defendants.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Heede&rsquo;s carbon accounting is already opening a new chapter in climate change litigation and policy, helping equip plaintiffs who believe they have suffered damages from climate change to claim compensation. &laquo;&nbsp;Rick&rsquo;s work really helps connect the dots,&nbsp;&raquo; says Marco Simons, general counsel of EarthRights International, a Washington, D.C.-based legal group that defends the rights of the poor. &laquo;&nbsp;He hasn&rsquo;t sought out the spotlight, but I think his work is tremendously important.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Counting Carbon</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Heede tallies carbon obsessively. When we discussed my plans to fly out from Boston to Sausalito, California, where his houseboat is anchored, he did a quick calculation and told me that my share of the flights would add 716 kilograms of carbon to the atmosphere. &laquo;&nbsp;And if you&rsquo;d driven an average car the trip would be 1.78 tons of CO<sub>2</sub> [carbon dioxide]&nbsp;&raquo; he added, apparently riffing on his own compulsiveness. During my visit I noticed that when he boiled water to make noodles for lunch he put a frying pan on the pot instead of a lid—to preheat the pan so it would use a tiny bit less fuel to heat up the stir-fry. &laquo;&nbsp;It&rsquo;s a practice of mine to figure out how I can minimize energy use.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">He was born in Norway into a long line of watchmakers, which may contribute to his own meticulousness. At 15, he and his parents immigrated to the United States. His father was a consulting engineer, but the younger Heede wasn&rsquo;t keen on &laquo;&nbsp;fixing problems that should not have been created in the first place&nbsp;&raquo;—which, he admits, is exactly what he&rsquo;s doing these days.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Heede has spent most of his life in Colorado, and he has the solid build and weathered face of someone who has spent lots of time in the mountains. He earned undergraduate and master&rsquo;s degrees in geography at the University of Colorado, Boulder, and then joined forces with Amory Lovins, the soft-energy guru who co-founded the Rocky Mountain Institute in Boulder. Ronald Reagan had just been elected president, and his administration moved to gut subsidies for alternative energy sources, claiming that they were not economically competitive. Heede tested that assertion, analyzing the federal budget to find the hidden subsidies to the coal and oil industries, even including the cost of treating workers who developed black lung disease from coal mining.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Contrary to Reagan administration claims, Heede showed that the vast bulk of federal energy subsidies went to conventional energy sources. He wrote a report, testified to Congress, and wrote an opinion piece in <em>The Wall Street Journal</em>. &laquo;&nbsp;I don&rsquo;t recall getting any calls as a result,&nbsp;&raquo; he says. It was an early taste of working in obscurity.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">In 2003, he left the Rocky Mountain Institute to form Climate Mitigation Services, a consulting firm specializing in surveying and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. One of his early clients was Aspen, Colorado, a rich and progressive ski town whose leaders wanted to act decisively to reduce emissions. They hired Heede to do a baseline greenhouse gas inventory with the broadest possible scope—including not only activities within the city, but the cars and airplanes that annually brought in hundreds of thousands of tourists … in short, Heede recalls, &laquo;&nbsp;everything that uses energy as a result of Aspen&rsquo;s existence.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The exercise raised fascinating questions, Heede says: &laquo;&nbsp;What is a community, and what is a boundary? There&rsquo;s leakage everywhere: airplanes, trucks, cars, visitors. How do you quantify that stuff?&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Heede interviewed airport managers and checked their logs to find out which aircraft served the more than 178,000 annual passengers, calculating fuel consumption and emissions for each flight. Standing at the main bridge into Aspen for hours at a time, he categorized the cars that went by—sedans, SUVs, trucks, vans. Then, he used his records to estimate emissions from the 13,000 vehicles tabulated by an automated counter each day. In the end, he determined that in 2004, Aspen was responsible for more than 840,000 tons of carbon emissions—&nbsp;&raquo;roughly equivalent to a large, diesel-powered aircraft carrier running flank speed at all times.&nbsp;&raquo; This and subsequent reports enabled the city to reduce its emissions despite a growing population and economy.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>The carbon ripples</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Aspen was an early test of Heede&rsquo;s ability to gather information and see beyond obvious boundaries—the invisible ripples from every project that affect the infinitely interconnected atmosphere. In the early 2000s, for example, an Australian firm proposed building a liquefied natural gas terminal off the California coast. It seemed a good way to transition to a low-carbon &laquo;&nbsp;bridge&nbsp;&raquo; fuel. But, Heede says, &laquo;&nbsp;They hadn&rsquo;t done any work on life cycle emissions.&nbsp;&raquo; When he tallied all the direct and indirect emissions—from the gas extraction in Australia to distribution in California—he found that the project would have produced nearly a third more carbon than anticipated. His analysis helped persuade California officials to vote it down.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Later, he tackled targets that produce bigger but more diffuse ripples. Several U.S. cities and environmental groups were suing the Export-Import Bank of the United States and the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, alleging the institutions were financing projects that would damage Earth&rsquo;s climate. The plaintiffs retained Heede to analyze the carbon emissions resulting from the banks&rsquo; loans and investments around the world, from a gas project in Central Africa to a coal mine in Poland. He found that the projects were directly and indirectly emitting nearly 2 billion metric tons of CO<sub>2</sub> per year—almost 8% of the world&rsquo;s emissions. The plaintiffs won: The banks agreed to conduct environmental impact statements, create carbon-sensitive policies, and increase their financing of renewable energy projects.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Meanwhile, a new idea was coalescing in the environmental law community. For years, attorneys had litigated so-called environmental justice cases to redress the fact that poor people disproportionately suffer from pollution. By the early 2000s, it was becoming clear that the poor will also face the heaviest impacts of climate change. But how do you structure a liability case when the entire world takes part in the carbon economy? Can a Pacific Islander whose town has been flooded sue 7 billion people? Searching for more specific culprits, Peter Roderick, head of the Climate Justice Programme for Greenpeace International in London, commissioned Heede to study ExxonMobil and quantify total greenhouse emissions across its history.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">He would have to follow a tangled corporate path. Founded as Standard Oil by John D. Rockefeller in 1870, the company became one of the world&rsquo;s largest multinationals until 1911, when the Supreme Court split it into several &laquo;&nbsp;baby Standards.&nbsp;&raquo; Decades later, two of the largest of those firms merged to form ExxonMobil. Heede tracked down production figures in annual reports scattered among university archives on two continents, supplemented by court documents, news reports, and academic and industry papers. Then he converted production volumes to CO<sub>2</sub> and methane. He included direct emissions, for instance from the fuels used to run the company&rsquo;s operations, and indirect emissions released by the combustion of its products.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">After 15 months of research, Heede concluded that ExxonMobil and its precursors had directly or indirectly emitted 20.3 billion metric tons of CO<sub>2</sub> and 199 million metric tons of methane. Friends of the Earth calculated that the quantity represented between 4.7% and 5.3% of humanity&rsquo;s industrial greenhouse gas emissions since 1882.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">&laquo;&nbsp;I thought, &lsquo;This is exactly the kind of thing I had in mind,'&nbsp;&raquo; Roderick recalls. &laquo;&nbsp;But I knew it was just a small part of the big picture.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>The major league</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Roderick commissioned Heede to look at the entire fossil fuel industry. To make the project manageable, they limited it to companies that produced at least 8 million tons of carbon per year, the so-called &laquo;&nbsp;carbon majors.&nbsp;&raquo; The research took 8 years. Money from the original grant ran out, and after the crash of 2008 Heede&rsquo;s consulting business collapsed. He maxed out his credit card, borrowed against his Colorado house, and scraped by, enlisting graduate students in several countries to photocopy and send him papers, which he checked and double-checked with a watchmaker&rsquo;s precision. He filled shelves with binders of information and spent thousands of hours entering it into spreadsheets, working alone, often until midnight. &laquo;&nbsp;I take pleasure in that kind of stuff,&nbsp;&raquo; Heede says. &laquo;&nbsp;I like to pay attention to detail.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Sitting at dual monitors in the captain&rsquo;s cabin of his houseboat, Heede takes me on a tour of his data set, a seemingly endless series of color-coded and cross-indexed spreadsheets. Each sheet lists hundreds of entries, with columns showing the year and total production volumes for products such as crude oil, natural gas, and varieties of coal. Clicking on a company&rsquo;s name opens additional spreadsheets with the company&rsquo;s year-by-year production, plus screenshots of its annual reports for verification. Color-coded flowcharts display the evolution of companies as they separated or merged. The flowcharts from Russia are particularly ornate, as they incorporate the transformation of companies after the fall of the Soviet Union. (Heede got production data for the Soviet companies from Central Intelligence Agency analyses and the International Energy Agency.) Detailed annotations reveal his methods and calculations. The structure of these charts, so layered and interlocking, seems almost medieval in its complexity, and Heede seems monklike in his devotion to compiling it.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The result, peer reviewed and published in <em>Climatic Change</em>, showed that just 90 companies contributed 63% of the greenhouse gases emitted globally between 1751 and 2010. Half of those emissions took place after 1988—the year James Hansen of NASA testified to Congress that there was no longer any doubt that global warming had begun.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">The data &laquo;&nbsp;just blew me away,&nbsp;&raquo; says Naomi Oreskes, a science historian at Harvard University and co-author of the book <em>Merchants of Doubt</em>, which compares the fossil fuel industry to the tobacco industry in its efforts to raise doubts about science. &laquo;&nbsp;Everyone talks about this as a problem since the Industrial Revolution, but I now think that&rsquo;s incorrect,&nbsp;&raquo; she says. Heede has shown that the roots of the problem are more recent and easier to trace. In 2011, Oreskes joined Heede in creating the Climate Accountability Institute, a nonprofit devoted to quantifying the contribution of fossil fuel companies to climate change and investigating their alleged attempts to obfuscate the science.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;"><strong>Sharing the blame</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Other people criticize the work as oversimplified and naïve. David Victor, a political scientist and energy policy specialist at UC San Diego and a co-author of the 2015 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, doesn&rsquo;t question Heede&rsquo;s numbers but says his approach is wrongheaded. &laquo;&nbsp;It&rsquo;s part of a larger narrative of trying to create villains; to draw lines between producers as responsible for the problem and everyone else as victims. Frankly, we&rsquo;re all the users and therefore we&rsquo;re all guilty. To create a narrative that involves corporate guilt as opposed to problem-solving is not going to solve anything.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Heede concedes that the responsibility is shared. &laquo;&nbsp;I as a consumer bear some responsibility for my own car, etcetera. But we&rsquo;re living an illusion if we think we&rsquo;re making choices, because the infrastructure pretty much makes those choices for us.&nbsp;&raquo; He focused on fossil fuel companies, he says, because unlike industries that produce greenhouse gases as a byproduct (such as the automobile industry, which has adhered to increasingly strict mileage standards), the mission of fossil fuel companies is to pull carbon out of the ground and put it into commerce.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">His data, together with an emerging line of research that uses computer models to discern how likely it is that a given storm, flood, or heat wave was related to human-caused emissions, are now driving efforts to allocate responsibility for climate change. Last year, for instance, several nongovernmental organizations in the Philippines filed a petition with that nation&rsquo;s Commission on Human Rights. It asks the &laquo;&nbsp;carbon majors&nbsp;&raquo; to take remedial actions on behalf of typhoon survivors in the islands, which suffer devastating storms that may have worsened as a result of climate change. &laquo;&nbsp;Heede&rsquo;s report is one of the bedrock pieces of science and research that helped form our campaign,&nbsp;&raquo; says Kristin Casper, litigation counsel for Greenpeace&rsquo;s Global Climate Justice and Liability Project in Toronto, Canada. In late July, the commission sent orders to 47 of the world&rsquo;s largest investor-owned fossil fuel companies, asking them to respond to the human rights charges in the petition. Similar actions and lawsuits are proceeding in several other countries.</p>
<p style="text-align:justify;">Now, Heede is extending his carbon accounting into the future, quantifying the potential carbon release from future fossil fuel exploration. Like the other recipients of Representative Smith&rsquo;s subpoena, he has no intention of complying with what he calls a &laquo;&nbsp;campaign to intimidate us and stop scientific research.&nbsp;&raquo; At the same time, he confesses an admiration for the fossil fuel industry, which has made &laquo;&nbsp;fantastic efforts to find resources for the betterment of humanity,&nbsp;&raquo; often in the harshest environments. They&rsquo;ve done such a good job that we haven&rsquo;t paused to reflect on the unintended consequences, he says. &laquo;&nbsp;And now we have to cope with the result.&nbsp;&raquo;</p>
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